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THE COST OF LIVING 



AS MODIFIED BY 



SANITARY SCIENCE. 



ELLEN H. RICHARDS, 

Instructor in Sanitary Chemistry 
in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 



FIRS T EDITION. 
FIRST THOUSAND. 



NEW YORK : 

JOHN WILEY & SONS. 

London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited. 

1899. 



TWO COPIES RECEIVED, 

Library of Congress^ 

Office of the <A> 

<ft c 

Register of Copyright* ' K 



48652 

Copyright, 1899, 

BY 

ELLEN H. RICHARDS. 



SECOND COPY, 



ROBERT DRUMMOND, PRINTER, NEW YOKK. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I. 

PAGE 

Standards of Living i 

CHAPTER II. 

The Service of Sanitary Science in Increasing Pro- 
ductive Life 16 

CHAPTER III. 

Household Expenditure. Division between Depart- 
ments ACCORDING TO IDEALS 28 

CHAPTER IV. 
The House. Rent or Value and Furnishing 40 

CHAPTER V. 
Operating Expenses: Fuel, Light, Wages 50 

CHAPTER VI. 
Food . ."' : 65 

CHAPTER VII. 
Clothing in Relation to Health 82 

CHAPTER VIII. 
The Emotional and Intellectual Life 89 

CHAPTER IX. 
The Organization of the Houshold »> 100 



THE COST OF LIVING 

AS MODIFIED BY SANITARY SCIENCE. 



CHAPTER I. 
STANDARDS OF LIVING. 

"Apart from religion, the end of man is to secure a plenty 
of the good things of this world, with life, health, and peace to 
enjoy them." — John Locke, 1890. 

"Education is that organizing of resources in the human 
being, of powers and conduct, which shall fit him to his social 
and physical world." — William James, 1899. 

In these days of consolidation for the purpose of 
cutting down expenses, days of close calculation of 
cost, when everything is reduced to a money basis in 
production, it is not surprising that discussion should 
have arisen over the great waste involved in the 
keeping up of fifty kitchen-fires to do the work that 
five would do; in the time given to the marketing 
for one family which might serve for fifty. Many 
students of social questions have predicted the 
speedy appearance of a housekeeping trust, by which 



2 THE COST OF LIVING. 

living is to be made more economical and less bur- 
densome. 

It must be acknowledged that for economy the 
home of the well-to-do cannot at present compete 
with the best-managed hotels and boarding-houses. 
It is worth while to examine the causes for this state 
of things and to be prepared to accept such modifica- 
tions as are inevitable. 

In the first place, a family in boarding occupies 
one half or one third the space it would require in a 
house of its own. That means less rent. 

In the second place, most persons will put up with 
less service in such quarters than they would expect 
at home. 

In the third place, the cost of the food, its prep- 
aration and serving, is far less per person than in a 
small family. 

In the fourth place, the economy of time in having 
most of the details of the daily routine cared for 
without personal oversight and direction reconciles 
many persons to the hotel and boarding-house life. 

While we acknowledge the attractive side of the 
care-free condition of the members of the " Home 
trust," I think we also look forward with a secret 
dread to the time when we may realize a Bellamy 
dining-room or a Wells nursery. 

It is with the intention of starting a discussion of 
certain questions by the intelligent young people 



STANDARDS OF LIVING. 3 

just about to begin life on fifteen hundred to three 
thousand dollars a year that these pages have been 
written. 

Much investigation has been made of cost of exist- 
ence of those who earn four hundred to five hundred 
dollars a year, and many accounts have been given 
of those who spend ten thousand to fifty thousand 
dollars a year on the family living, but the majority 
of the most intelligent American families, students, 
professors, business men, and professional men, are 
obliged to do the best they can on from two thou- 
sand to five thousand dollars a year. It is from this 
class that we may most confidently expect a great 
advance in the next generation in a knowledge of 
how to make the best use of life and how to get the 
greatest pleasure from the money expended. 

The discussions which have called public attention 
to the status of housekeeping have assumed the 
problem to be one of economics, brought about by 
the industrial situation, and have looked for the solu- 
tion along purely material lines. This is to consider 
the human being as a machine, as a passive object of 
revolutionary action, without power to direct his own 
destiny. 

It has been said: "Natural progress and physical 
cmd intellectual advancement are not the whole of 
human progress. The real advancement of the race 
is to be promoted by the cultivation of our emotional 



4 THE COST OF LIVING. 

and aesthetic nature, and altruism must replace 
egoism." 

While granting the presence of the economic and 
industrial factors, the author holds that the ethical 
discussion must precede any attempt to adjust these 
factors to the ideals of the twentieth century. 

Man as an uplifting, compelling force in the world 
does not live by bread alone, but in all ages has won 
his place by the ideals he has placed far ahead and 
above him and for which he has valiantly striven. 
The man without a conscious aim slowly but surely 
degenerates. 

The Englishman's house is not only his castle, it is 
a small world in itself; in its management he has 
learned to rule larger things: and it is conceded by so 
able an observer as Edmond Demoulins that this is the 
secret of Anglo-Saxon superiority. The Englishman 
easily leads because he has organizing ability. The 
young boy who by his father's death becomes the 
head of the household, develops those qualities which 
afterward show in statesmanship or in generalship or 
in engineering professions. 

When these daily affairs are conducted on prin- 
ciple, the experience gained in this small world of 
human interests is the best preparation for the larger 
world of charity and of public work. 

If we accept the conclusion of the thoughtful 
students of human evolution and assume that what is 



STANDARDS OF LIVING. 5 

represented by the term " home" is the germ of 
Anglo-Saxon civilization, the unit of social progress; 
that no community rises above the average of its 
individual homes in intelligence, courage, honesty, 
industry, thrift, patriotism, or any other individual 
or civic virtue; that the home is the nursery of the 
citizen; that nothing which church, school, or state 
can do will quite make up for the lack in the home, 
then we must acknowledge that no subject can be of 
greater importance than a discussion of the standards 
involved in home life. 

A clever writer has shown how often the family is 
a mere unorganized herd, with as little regard for 
individual rights, for privacy, for likes and dislikes, 
as is shown by any crowd. Whenever this is the 
case it is because of wrong standards. A home 
means a place that one can call one's own, into which 
no one else can intrude. Each child, each member 
of the family should have a room, or at least a 
screened corner where safety from interference may 
be counted upon. Even a chalk-line on the floor 
contented the two who were obliged to live in one 
room in the old ladies' home.* Quiet hours have a 
great influence in the development of character. A 
love of the crowd betrays a poverty of individual 
resources. The constant presence of the nurse is, 

* " Castles in Spain," by Alice Brown. 



6 THE COST OF LIVING. 

after a certain age, bad for the child ; the constant 
direction to do this or that stultifies it. 

Independence of character, persoflal resourceful- 
ness, is what is at present needed in the social world ; 
it is what the evolution of the past three or four 
centuries has been cultivating in the development of 
the individual, in freeing him from despotism and 
tyranny, but it has been done within the home. Is 
the office of this nursery of character gone ? Do we 
not see signs of decadence in strength of purpose, in 
that which goes to make for the best citizenship as 
the power of the home wanes ? 

Is it not time to ask ourselves " What is life for ? " 
" What is the office of the home ? " Is not the pur- 
pose of the family edtication in all that makes for 
character, for citizenship; are not all the qualities 
that serve the highest purposes in the world developed 
in the family life when it is taken seriously ? 

We admit that the very existence of the individual 
home cannot be justified on ordinary economic 
grounds. Trusts and combinations have wonderfully 
cheapened the common articles in daily use. A 
nursery trust would as wonderfully lessen the cost of 
raising children. Mr. H. G. Wells* has given us a 
vivid picture of such a nursery where one maid may 
replace ten. 

* " When the Sleeper Wakes." 



STANDARDS OF LIVING. 7 

The same economic tendency is going on in the 
public schools. They are doing by the wholesale 
much of what the home did individually fifty years 
ago, and it must be acknowledged that on the surface 
they are doing it more cheaply because large classes 
are taught at once, but there is less opportunity for 
individual development, and if this tendency is to 
increase and finally all men are to be placed on 
one level with no special individuality, where are the 
leaders of the next century to come from ? 

The school has its place as a corrective of the 
deficiencies of the home. At any given time the 
leaders of education should be able to foresee the 
needs of the future citizen, and by the school training 
to influence quickly a whole generation. It is this 
ready adaptability to changing conditions which 
makes the school such a potent factor whenever it is 
allowed to use its preventive power in " doing away 
with the inconvenience of ignorance," as John Eliot 
expressed it. Conservatism has always opposed, and 
is to-day opposing, the economic tendencies of the 
school. The early struggle came in 1817, when it 
was proposed to teach reading in the school instead 
of requiring it for admission. Each new departure 
has been fought on the same ground — that training of 
all but the purely intellectural faculties was the busi- 
ness of the home, and that the school was usurping 
its duties. The same battle is now going on over the 



8 THE COST OF LIVING. 

still more evident home occupations, cooking and 
sewing, but, as in 1 8 17, when reading was not taught 
in the home, so now when cooking and sewing are 
not taught by the mother, the school must prepare 
the next generation to bring these arts* back or to 
teach it the means of doing without them. 

The union of several persons in a group having a 
common end, the welfare of the family, leads to a 
consideration of others, to suppression of gross selfish- 
ness, and offers a stimulus to that industry which will 
advance the common interest. Human life is so 
short and human endeavor so weak that the incentive 
to provide for his own personal future would not be 
sufficient to urge to the full capacity any man's 
power. For his child, his grandchild, he will strive 
and thus gain the reward that comes with striving; 
for it is not the possession of a given thing which 
yields the most satisfaction; it is the contest which 
precedes possession. 

Our premises are, then, that the individual family 
group must be maintained, but in a manner consistent 
with modern progress. It is the ideal which is to be 
preserved, not the mere shell. 

At first sight what could be more unlike the 
dainty, gauze winged butterfly, dancing at will in the 
sunlight, than the slow-creeping, clumsy and often 
repulsive caterpillar or the hard-shelled chrysalis 
buried in the ground or idly swinging from a twig ? 



STANDARDS OF LIVING. 9 

And yet each form is only a stage in the life-history 
of the same organism. 

The form of home life familiar in the early part of 
the nineteenth century, in which all industries were 
carried on under the collection of roofs called the 
homestead, and in which each member of the family 
contributed, by the daily work of his or her hands, 
to the stock of linen, wool, implements, etc., which 
have been handed down even until now, may be 
likened to the caterpillar stage with its many feet, all 
contributing to the forward movement. The present 
condition may be considered the chrysalis stage, in 
which the useless feet are being absorbed and the 
internal organs, even, are being transformed to suit 
new uses not yet recognized. 

Home life at the close of the nineteenth century 
has lost nearly all the industries it once possessed; it 
is no longer the progressive element in society; it no 
longer devours voraciously whatever offers in the way 
of stimulus and development; it is stationary or even 
retrograding in many ways. The family " resides" 
now here, now there; they hire a " place," and the 
children, instead of adding each day some improve- 
ment, hack the trees, if there are any, bang the 
furniture, tear the paper, and dig up the walk. No 
care or responsibility for property or for the future 
seems to rest upon parents or children. So far has 
this gone that owners of property recognize it and 



10 THE COST OF LIVING. 

either refuse to rent to families where there are 
children or charge a correspondingly higher rent. 

What a commentary on the decadence of the ideal 
of home life, and what a pitiful picture of the moral 
degradation which has gone with it! It is destruction 
in the shortest possible time, not construction, bit 
by bit, of that which is to last. 

The century-long struggle for personal freedom has 
invaded the home. The father feels no care for the 
child beyond paying the bills. The mother's respon- 
sibility ends with food and clothes. Education is 
left to the school, and manners to the street. In the 
rented house there is little sense of possession; fre- 
quent movings render clothes more important than 
furniture, and cause books and pictures to be looked 
upon as troublesome. It is easier to move than to 
clean house. The result is social ferment and discon- 
tent and family discord. 

Housekeeping has become a burden and not a 
delight; every dollar spent on the home is grudged; 
the responsibilities of keeping up a separate family 
abode are more and more irksome and are readily 
thrown off ; the time and money so saved are frequently 
spent in communal pleasure rather than in individual 
development. This is a serious phase in American 
social life and deseives the attention of all thoughtful 
persons, especially since it is doubtful if " health and 
peace " are increased by the so-called improvements. 



STANDARDS OF LIVING. II 

li Man advances when his comforts keep pace with 
his intelligence." 

It is customary to lay the blame on economic con- 
ditions and on them alone, but the whole trouble lies 
in the lack of ideals and standards which should con- 
trol even social tendencies. Habits of life have been 
allowed to lapse into those of savagery where the 
present only guides action. 

There are many elements entering into the forma- 
tion of the required standards. At present the dis- 
cussion will be limited to the influence of sanitary 
knowledge and ideals upon the economic considera- 
tions which are too apt to be unduly emphasized. 
This is only applying to home life the principles 
governing public health. 

It is more economical, from a money point of view, 
to discharge all wastes into the stream running 
through a town and to take the water-supply from 
the same stream; but it is recognized that there is an 
economy of health as well as of wealth, and that it 
actually pays in the end to spend thousands of dollars 
on sewers and reservoirs. Let the public once 
become convinced that the economy of life in the 
home is to be measured, not by the cost in dollars and 
cents, but by the product of this life, — healthy, 
happy men and women, — and we shall hear less 
grumbling over the cost of living. 

Man is a gregarious animal, but in proportion as he 



12 THE COST OF LIVING., 

becomes a " living soul " is he capable of the highest 
joys and the best individual development when he is 
not crowded and jostled and drawn along without his 
own volition. 

The more communal pleasures increase and demand 
a greater share of the income, the more cheerless the 
home becomes and the more indifference is mani- 
fested toward the joys of family life. The house 
becomes only a place of shelter and storage, to be 
left behind when real enjoyment is desired. With it 
is associated only the drudgery of the daily routine, 
not the delight of living. 

This tendency is shown not only by the nightly 
crowds at all popular pleasure-resorts, but by the 
equally large crowds of women seen daily on the 
shopping streets. The estimation in which the home 
is held by those who make the purchase of a twenty- 
five-cent collar an excuse for three trips to the city 
cannot be very high. 

If there is to be an aristocracy in America, let it be 
an expression of the real American character which, 
as Hugo Miinsterberg has pointed out, is beginning 
to be very evident to the student of history. Let it 
be shown in the higher ideals of living, in the stand- 
ards of health, of manners, and of aesthetic surround- 
ings. The material is at hand. Who will shape it ? 
Who better fitted to mould it aright than the young 
men and young women trained, in the higher institu- 



STANDARDS OF LIVING. 1 3 

tions of learning, to separate the true from the false, 
to appreciate the real and to disregard the sham ? If 
they cannot begin this work, then the colleges have 
missed the mark in the education they have given. 

The educated woman longs for a career, for an 
opportunity to influence the world. Just now the 
greatest field offered to her is the elevation of the 
home into its place in American life. The home and 
the school are the two pillars upon which American 
institutions stand. The proper correlation of these 
is the work of the coming years if there is not to be 
a collapse of democratic institutions. The school 
can do much, but it cannot undo all the mischief done 
in the home. 

If, as all recent writers on the subject of social 
economics seem to be agreed must be the aim of the 
twentieth century, the Anglo-Saxon ideal of home 
life is to be maintained, the housekeeper, man or 
woman, whichever it may be, must take the conscious 
direction of the home life and so order it as to secure 
not only the most economical but the most efficient 
results, not in lavish display, not in a large bank- 
account, but in the best-developed men and women, 
the product of that home. 

No words are more misunderstood or misused than 
thrift and frugality. In popular estimation a thrifty 
person is stingy, a frugal man is a miser, whereas 
history shows that these traits are those which are 



14 THE COST OF LIVING. 

essential to the preservation of the race. They are 
the reasonable restraints which make for health of 
body and mind. 

Wise expenditure of money, time, and energy in 
daily living, how shall it be determined ? The fol- 
lowing pages offer no panacea for existing evils, only 
a few suggestions as a basis for future study. 

The need in household organization is for a com- 
plete readjustment in accordance with modern condi- 
tions, an adjustment which may be made without 
losing that which is essential if a serious study is 
undertaken of the various elements which go to make 
up the daily routine. Without this basis of knowl- 
edge any effort will be likely to cause confusion. 

I am well aware that it is useless to attempt to 
change a race tendency, but are we so sure that this 
ignoring of home duties, this attempt to bring the 
home into line with certain economic trend, is a true 
progress, or is it one of the retrogressions which 
accompany all progress, and only a phase, a result of 
unthinking imitation or of ignorant carelessness ? 

Charles Kendall Adams in the Atlantic of August, 
1899, writes: " Education by the press, education 
by the family, education by the church, education by 
the schools; it is by these institutions alone that the 
people are to be safely guided, for it is these alone 
that are the ' ever-burning lamps of accumulated wis- 
dom ' that are able to light the pathway of progress." 



STANDARDS OF LIVING. 1 5 

If, as Patten says, " There is no tyrant like a 
home; nothing else demands such implicit obedi- 
ence," shall we throw off the yoke and so lapse into 
anarchy, or can we modify the government of the 
home to suit the freedom within limits which the 
social trend of the time recognizes as essential ? 

The home has survived the shock of losing most of 
the intellectual and religious education of the chil- 
dren. Will it bear the amputation of the material 
industries represented by the kitchen ? We answer, 
Yes, if the home is that place of moral education 
where the mother is, the mother to world-children, if 
not to those of her own flesh and blood. The home 
still means the perfection of the child-life for which 
it exists. It is this ideal which will preserve the 
Anglo-Saxon superiority if anything is able to do it. 



CHAPTER II. 

THE SERVICE OF SANITARY SCIENCE IN 
INCREASING PRODUCTIVE LIFE. 

"A tendency to underestimate the future remains as a relic 
of savagery." — Bullock. 

"Those nations that have attained the highest civilization 
and wielded the greatest influence over their contemporaries 
are those that have exercised the most careful guard over 
health."— Quoted by B. W. Richardson. 

" Man, whatever else he may be, is essentially and primor- 
dially a practical being, whose mind is given him to aid in 
adapting himself to his environment." — William James, 1S99. 

The great complexity of modern life causes such a 
diversity of types that the old proverb " What is one 
man's meat is another's poison," is more than ever 
applicable. Therefore, no rules for the expenditure 
of the income can be given which will suit all condi- 
tions; only certain principles may be stated along 
the lines of which each must work out his own rules 
of conduct. The one fact standing out clearly is 
that if man is to be an efficient, productive being, an 
" economic man" and not a " social debtor," then 

he must be in that condition of body and mind which 

16 



SANITARY SCIENCE AND PRODUCTIVE LIFE. 1 7 

will enable him to do his work in the world, whatever 
that may be. 

Instead of a purely economic basis, let us consider 
the standards of living from the point of view of 
health, both physical and moral ; of efficiency, not 
only as a mechanical machine, but as a creature with 
intellectual and aesthetic possibilities, as the highest 
product of civilization. 

It is most difficult to draw the line between those 
comforts in daily life which increase the uplifting 
tendencies of civilization and those luxuries, those 
forms of indulgence which degrade the soul and 
debilitate mind and body. 

Increased facilities for personal cleanliness, more 
comfortable beds, larger rooms, greater variety of 
food, better pictures on the walls, all help to raise the 
level of daily life above mere animal wants and mere 
existence; but when an individual becomes so refined 
and delicate that existence becomes impossible with- 
out the luxurious surroundings common in modern 
days, he is in a fair way to become eliminated from 
the factors of race progress. Unless such persons go 
into camp life or yacht life for a few months each 
year, debility is sure to follow. 

Again, the introduction of running water, of sew- 
ing-machines, of servants, into the homes of hard- 
worked women would seem to be an unmixed blessing, 
but typhoid fever and diphtheria, backaches and 



18 THE COST OF LIVING. 

injured spines, soared dispositions and endless bicker- 
ings have resulted in a lower stage of civilization 
instead of a higher. What is the matter with the 
so-called advance in life ? Why is it that better 
wages, shorter hours, more physical comforts do not 
lead to happiness or refinement ? Why is it that 
social questions seem more hopeless than ever before, 
so that the student of philanthropy dreads to awaken 
a happy, dirty, lazy family to the possibilities before 
it, lest the last state shall be far worse than the first ? 
Because by thrusting the implements of the highest 
culture into the hands of those not strong enough to 
hold them safely, we have given sharp-edged tools to 
children. " When civilized man has more privileges 
than he deserves or requires, he lapses into practical 
barbarism." 

The so-called improvements are seized upon not 
because of their value, but in imitation of others. 
The houses, furniture, food, ornaments of the great 
mass of the people are chosen because some one else 
has them, not because of any need in one's own con- 
sciousness which they satisfy. 

Is not this trait of mere imitation without the use 
of thought or reason a most serious menace to real 
progress ? Go through a great department store, 
note-book in hand, and check off the articles which 
are valueless either for use or ornament and those 
which, with a semblance of either, will lose the little 



SANITARY SCIENCE AND PRODUCTIVE LIFE. 19 

value they have with the first day of use; then go 
into the home for which the articles are destined and 
note the amount of money spent for these things in 
comparison with that spent for the essentials of good 
living and for the things which make for moral and 
mental advancement. 

The only practicable remedy yet proposed is edu- 
cation in true standards of living, in what constitutes 
better homes, more comfortable conditions, and in a 
clearer perception of those tendencies toward mere 
imitation and luxury which lead to degeneration of 
mind and body. 

What better method of determining these standards 
than by measuring them with the measure of health 
gained, — physical, mental, spiritual health ? Any 
comfort, any expenditure of money which will increase 
health is legitimate, for health is not only the work- 
man's capital, it is the essential factor in the success 
of the author, the business man, and the pleasure- 
seeker. But it is equally true that all above what is 
needed for healthful development is luxury and tends 
to debasement. 

An increased food-supply would be conducive to 
the health of the laborer, while the very abundance 
on the tables of those who take no thought in the 
matter may lead to over-indulgence and undermined 
health. 

Relief from daily drudgery will render the life of 



20 THE COST OF LIVING. 

many a woman more tolerable, but when it only 
results in idleness, dissatisfaction, and a mania for 
shopping and the bargain-counter, such relief is not 
in the line of higher standards of living, but is in the 
nature of luxury, which undermines the health of the 
body politic and leads to sure decay. 

But it must be borne in mind that standards are 
not the same for all; that which is luxury for one 
family may be a necessity for another, so powerful is 
habit and education, but each should have only that 
standard which proves conducive to the best health, 
and in this the development of sanitary science is of 
the greatest service. Standards of living should be 
regulated, not by money spent, not by servile imita- 
tion of others, but by that which will produce the 
best results in health of body and health of mind. 

At first sight this might seem to be pure material- 
ism, but nothing is better recognized to-day than that 
health includes contentment of mind and serenity of 
soul; that an environment of pictures, books, and 
pleasant society will bring relish to the plainest food 
and serve to maintain the highest ideals. 

It is, then, not in the material portion of the daily 
living that we are to look for improvement so much 
as in the ideals, standards, aspirations, by which the 
uses of the materials are governed. And it is just in 
this particular that most of the recent discussion of 
household economics and woman's work, and the 



SANITARY SCIENCE AND PRODUCTIVE LIFE. 2 1 

conditions of living, seem to fail. It is taken for 
granted that if the material conditions of the home 
are ameliorated, if the kitchen is taken out of the 
house, if the charwoman lives outside, if the artistic 
decorator has been allowed free scope in the drawing- 
room, if the school teaches cooking and sewing, if 
the college teaches business law and economics, or if 
women receive the same wages as men and have the 
right to say how taxes shall be spent, — that when any- 
one or all of these things are obtained, then life will 
be all sweetness and light. 

But these material conditions, while having their 
value, do not in themselves go to the root of the 
matter. Their chief function is in the influence they 
have on race ideals, on individuals or group standards. 
It is in the perfection of control of matter by mind 
that higher civilization consists. The savage is 
dominated by nature; the man is civilized in propor- 
tion as he dominates nature and bends hitherto un- 
conquerable natural forces to minister to his needs. 

The housewife who is worried by her servants, 
cheated by her tradesmen, and is helpless before her 
furnace and her cook, is still a savage, has not grasped 
the meaning of the ennvironment which we call home. 

A certain degree of exertion, bodily and mental, 
self-control and conscious direction of powers of 
mind, are essential alike to bodily health and indi- 
vidual development. When release from the necessity 



22 THE COST OF LIVING. 

of toil brings such bodily indolence and such mental 
indulgence as to result in lack of stimulus to useful 
activity; when the throwing off of religious trammels 
renders moral questions difficult of decision, then this 
freedom tends to disease of body and mind. In 
other words, the moment ease of living lowers vitality 
and lessens resistance to disease, that moment the 
boundary between comfort and luxury has been 
passed. 

To have pleasure in living implies an ideal to live 
for, a goal to reach by striving. Where no incentive 
naturally exists, as is sometimes the case with those 
who have the traditional golden spoon, artificial prizes 
are offered, tournaments, yacht-races, millions to be 
made, and for the women some hobby of collecting, 
of travel, of self-culture. 

In humbler life, to gain a home for wife and chil- 
dren, to secure an education for a loved son or 
daughter, is incentive sufficient to sweeten toil and 
shorten long hours of labor. 

To " rise in life," as indicated by size of house, 
number of servants, or price of bric-a-bric, has been 
the unworthy motive of many a household, and in 
that way lies death to all the better ideals. 

It has been clearly brought out by several recent 
writers that the prevailing economic, political, and 
social ideals have been profoundly influenced by the 
acceptance of that law of evolution in the organic 



SANITARY SCIENCE AND PRODUCTIVE LIFE. 2J 

world which counts the individual as nothing except 
as a factor in race progress; which demonstrates that 
only the fittest survives; that through the strongest 
are race characteristics passed on. 

The ideals governing the thought of intelligent 
persons a century ago were development of the in- 
dividual and protection of the weak. This indi- 
viduality is now threatened by trusts and great 
corporations, crushing to the wall all weak competi- 
tors. The methods of education, even, bring a whole 
class or school up to the same standard without refer- 
ence to individual preference, and both tend to reduce 
to a communistic level all but the very few. 

Moreover in family life, as in political, irresponsi- 
bility has come in with the going out of the religious 
ideal. Self-sacrifice and menial toil are despised in 
the light of the economic ideal of the present. The 
home has ceased to be the glowing centre of produc- 
tion from which radiate all desirable goods, and has 
become but a pool toward which products made in 
other places flow — a place of consumption, not of 
production. 

Instead of a nursery of good citizens, teaching 
obedience, thrift, self-denial, self-helpfulness, the 
home has become for many a place of selfish ease, of 
freedom amounting to license, a receiving all and 
giving nothing. 

The family as a unit stands between the socialist 



24 THE COST OF LIVING. 

ideal of the individual as a unit and the economic 
ideal of the community as a unit. 

So long as the anticipated joys of a future world 
could sweeten daily toil and flavor daily bread; so 
long as the pleasure of giving to the missionary cause 
made an extra hour's labor pleasant; so long as saving 
for the children was a high ambition, little was heard 
of housekeeping troubles or of overdrawn incomes. 
When, however, the ethical and altruistic point of 
view became changed and from childhood each one 
considered his own wishes as of more consequence 
than those of the family, and when temptation was 
offered in the form of unheard-of luxuries on the in- 
stalment plan, and when food became abundant, 
representing high-class living, then a general reckless- 
ness possessed the household as well as the coal-miner 
or the lumberman. The housewife has but followed 
their example and paralleled the waste of small-coal 
in the mining region and the wholesale destruction of 
forests, by her garbage-pail and overfurnished rooms. 
She is not primarily to blame for the fact that average 
American housekeeping costs twice as much as is 
necessary; it is due to the general reckless extrava- 
gance in the air. 

It becomes important to ask, " What are the stand- 
ards, not of bare existence, but of good living — of 
physical comfort, mental health, and spiritual satis- 
faction ? " 



SANITARY SCIENCE AND PRODUCTIVE LIFE. 2$ 

If your ideal, gentle reader, is that of the sleek 
tabby cat, plenty of food and sleep, the softest 
corner and no duties, then we have no message for 
you. To live is to appreciate the joy of being a part 
of the world of action, to share in the joy of work, 
and work for mankind; this joy includes an appre- 
hension of the possible meaning of it all. 

Most human actions are prompted by the desire to 
escape pain or to procure pleasure. These efforts 
will be successful in proportion as knowledge controls 
these actions. 

Human welfare includes health of mind as well as 
health of body, and sanitary science, in its broadest 
sense, includes all that relates to either. It is a 
knowledge of the practical standard of sound health 
for the community and of the means of securing it. 
Sanitary science not only teaches the means of in- 
creasing the productive power of the wage-earner by 
lessening his days of sickness, by so nourishing his 
body that it may serve him longer and with more 
efficiency, but it also furnishes the rules of conduct 
which make any man capable of the highest enjoy- 
ment of life by teaching him self-control in the use 
of all that goes to make up the sum of human happi- 
ness. 

" Children are workers in preparation, are future 
citizens. The state cannot afford to allow them to 
grow up inefficient." Therefore public welfare 



26 THE COST OF LIVING. 

demands that the home life shall be governed by the 
best knowledge which science has been able to gather 
with reference to health and efficiency. 

It is man only who has the power to see beyond 
the present and by resistance to its alluring tempta- 
tions to secure future gain. 

Each human being has a money value to the state in 
proportion as he is a productive individual with either 
hands or brain. Not only death but sickness lessens 
the usefulness of an individual, since the care of one 
sick person means loss of work to others, expense for 
drugs and physicians, and it means even more loss by 
the weakening effect of sorrow and anxiety. 

The higher the standard of living, the more costly 
do the accessories of sickness become and the greater 
the blighting effect upon the higher intellectual facul- 
ties. 

It has been estimated that on an average each 
death in a community means 720 days of sickness with 
its attendant cost in money and anxiety." 

For the standard of income we are now chiefly con- 
sidering this may bring an actual expense amounting 
to even five thousand dollars. It may mean the 
crippling of the family as to the children's education, 
perhaps loss of position of the father, perhaps years 
of wearing invalidism for the mother, and a loss to 
society of the benefit which an efficient family always 
confers. 



SANITARY SCIENCE AND PRODUCTIVE LIFE. 2J 

When it is considered that the death-rate in 
America is nearly double that which is estimated as 
necessary, and that ten in every thousand needlessly 
die, half of them perhaps in the prime of life, that 
for a city of one hundred thousand this means five 
hundred deaths annually of persons who are most 
valuable to the community, it will be seen why the 
study of sanitary science is so strongly urged and 
why the cost of the various departments of household 
expenditure should be considered not only in the 
light of economics and aesthetics, but of hygiene. 

If the requirements for healthful living can be once 
understood and an ideal held up to the young student 
while his habits are yet plastic, a great advance is 
possible in the pleasures of life and especially in the 
beauty of living in conscious obedience to the laws of 
life. 



CHAPTER III. 

HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE. DIVISION BETWEEN 
DEPARTMENTS ACCORDING TO IDEALS. 

" National prosperity depends less upon the amount of wealth 
than upon the utilization of the national possessions in deriv- 
ing the annual income." — Bullock. 

" Economy of time, effort, and materials, and therefore of 
expense, is in essence scientific." 

"With a progressive people, the satisfaction of existence 
wants serves merely to arouse new desires and to stimulate 
men to satisfy them." 

THE sum of ten billions of dollars, more or less, is 
spent in the United States for household expenses, 
and yet very little attention has been paid to the 
rational division of the annual income between the 
different departments. The business man has found 
it easier to make money than to save it; the econo- 
mist has been fully occupied in finding out how 
money was made. 

That the results of this outlay are not satisfactory 

there is abundant evidence. That the money is not 

economically used is seen in the rapid changes in 

habits of living due to economic pressure. 

28 



HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE. 29 

Hence, before it is too late, a careful study of the 
conditions of life affecting the household expenditure 
should be made. 

The cost of living in any given case depends upon 
the ideas and standards of the person spending the 
money; that is, it is a mental rather than a material 
limitation; a result of education rather than of loca- 
tion. 

In America the typical family of the economist, of 
father, mother, and three children under the earning 
age, can live very comfortably on ten dollars a week 
or five hundred dollars a year for the necessities of 
material existence. Moreover, if its members will 
avail themselves of the education of the libraries, of 
the art museums, of the lectures and classes, of the 
baths and parks, pleasure-grounds, the non-material 
pleasures, and of the opportunities provided for the 
children at the public expense in most cities, their 
actual income is equivalent to double that sum. 

The real struggle in living comes in the case of 
those whose character and principles demand that 
they shall pay for the pleasures as well as the neces- 
sities of life, and in whom the desire for ownership 
demands the personal possession of books, and 
pictures, for which they are willing to deny them- 
selves even comforts. An income of sixteen dollars 
a week or eight hundred dollars a year admits of 
this gratification in a fair degree provided that the 



30 THE COST OF LIVING. 

fines exacted for the disobedience of nature's laws are 
not too heavy. 

Therefore, for the sake of argument, we may say 
that our present discussion begins with that sum, or 
the lower limit of choice, and from that to an upper 
limit of four or five thousand dollars — since above 
that sum, as a rule, quite different elements enter; 
i.e., either much is given in charity or in the sus- 
taining of public institutions, clubs, societies, or in 
collecting books, pictures, etc., or in promoting sport 
or industries. While the same general and high- 
minded ideals should govern the expenditure of the 
larger income, there is not that need of close calcula- 
tion on some points; also, in general, there is a far 
better business management of the larger in- 
come. 

In the present condition of American society prob- 
ably the greatest difficulty is felt by those who have 
from fifteen hundred to twenty-five hundred dollars 
a year for all expenses, because their tastes are edu- 
cated and their habits acquired in such a way that 
twice that amount would be needed to make any 
approach to satisfaction, for each step only opens the 
door to another want, and also because they are 
rarely skilled in the use of money. 

A writer in the Fortnightly Review* has cleverly 

* Joseph Jacobs, Fortnightly Review, 1899. 



HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE. 3 I 

sketched the "mean" Englishman as distinguished 
from the "average" of the economist. This man 
earns about six dollars a week. The "mean" 
American will earn at least ten dollars a week, and 
with the rapid rise made possible by better industrial 
conditions and the greater opportunities for earning 
money the il mean " American family should have 
fifteen dollars a week, with twenty in sight as a stim- 
ulus to exertion. From this class of intelligent, self- 
respecting, self-supporting, industrious persons rises, 
in the very next generation, thanks to free schools 
and democratic plasticity, a group which are typical 
Americans whatever their grandfathers were. These 
are the educated persons in the community, young 
college graduates in business, professors and teachers 
in schools and colleges, clerks, small tradesmen, and 
skilled workmen. And the income of this typical 
family is from fifteen hundred to three thousand 
dollars a year. Such are the possibilities in the in- 
dustrial conditions of America that it is not uncommon 
for it to rise to thirty thousand dollars before the 
children are grown. 

Under the pressure of nineteenth-century condi- 
tions, it has been found that the home as at present 
conducted is not managed on an economical basis so 
far as money value or outward semblance of luxury 
is concerned. That it fails in the more important 
essentials of comfort is proved by the great increase 



32 THE COST OF LIVING. 

of clubs and of hotel life. On what grounds, there- 
fore, can the justification of individual homes be 
based ? Only on the conceded fact before stated 
that the home is the germ of Anglo-Saxon civiliza- 
tion. If the income is to be used so as to give the 
fullest satisfaction of human wants, there must be 
classification of those wants in order of importance 
and some restraint of unreasoning impulse. " Style 
in living" has no ''standards," no basis in morals, 
religion, or economics. The fashion of the day or 
the whim of the moment is indulged without a 
thought of the consequences to the next generation. 
This absence of safeguards, this letting down of 
ethical barriers brings countless temptations to ex- 
travagance. 

To reconcile the uplifting tendency of the struggle 
to -' better one's condition " with the degrading 
result of striving to seem richer than one really is and 
to avoid the debilitating effect of luxuries is America's 
problem for the twentieth century. As has already 
been said, it is for those educated persons with one 
thousand to three thousand dollars annual income to 
lead the way in the studies necessary to be under- 
taken before any authoritative statements can be 
made, and to show what the public ought to have; not 
always to cater to what the public likes. 

The cost of living should be so balanced as to 
secure the greatest comfort and convenience possible 



HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE. 33 

without sacrificing anything necessary for health, 
physical, mental, or moral. 

A few examples of actual budgets will be instruc- 
tive as illustrative of methods of attacking the 
problem. That very little variation is allowable until 
the lower limit of choice is reached is seen in a com- 
parison of the expenditure of the " mean " English- 
man and of a New York family in about the same 
walk in life. 

Nos. I to 5 illustrate the variety of choice. One 
family economizes on rent, another on clothes, 
another on other expenses. No 4 is, it is to be 
feared, a very common American budget. No. 5 in 
the table shows what may be done by a thrifty family 
who will do their own work, and live in the suburbs 
where the garden reduces the food expense. No. 6 
shows how many families of women economize. A 
widow, with a mother and two children, is a dress- 
maker and has her noon meal and most of the cloth- 
ing for the family from her customers. 

Nos. 7 and 8 are most instructive as showing types 
in different localities, but illustrating what must be 
paid for the necessities of life. It is doubtful if 
either family could safely cut down on food. 

Dr. Engel has formulated four laws confirmed daily 
more and more. As Dr. Nitti says: " Laws of which, 
in all the family budgets I have examined, I have 
myself been able to prove the absolute exactness." 



34 



THE COST OF LIVING. 
TYPICAL BUDGETS. 



Family Income, 



$3098, three adults, two chil- 
dren 

$2500 (Mass.), three adults, no 
children 

$2500 (Mass.), two adults, one 
child, much company 

$1980 (St. Louis), four adults, 
two children 

$950 (Mass.), two adults, three 
children 



Percentage for 



$600 (Boston), two adults, two 
children 



$535 (N. Y.), two adults, three 
children 

$312, " mean " Englishman: 
two adults, three children . . 

$300, Dr. Engel's estimates. . .. 



a o 

us 



27 5 21. 1 



25 
32 

36-3 
20 



23 



55.2 



55-2 
62 



25 
18 

24.2 
19 

26 

22.4 

15-5 
12 



16.8 

13 

18 

20.9 

16 



5-3 

8.9 

5 



>J So 

u c 

TV rt 



iS 



5- 



9.4 

13. 1 

16 



24.6 

25 
22 
60 
30 
26.1 

of O) 
IT. 



1) C -a 

g.H c a 

£10 «c/3 



15-9 

7.7 

7-3 
5-o 



" The first law is that the proportion between ex- 
penditure and nutriment grows in geometric progres- 
sion in an inverse ratio to well-being; in other words, 
the higher the income the smaller is the percentage 
of cost of subsistence. The second is that clothing 
assumes and keeps a distinctly constant proportion in 
the whole. The third is that lodging, warming, and 



HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE. 35 

lighting have an invariable proportion whatever the 
income. The fourth is that the more the income 
increases the greater is the proportion of the dif- 
ferent expenses which express the degree of well- 
being. 

" The less a worker gains the more he invests in 
food, renouncing out of necessity all other desires." 
{Bull, de V Institut International dc Statist. , 1887, PP- 

50, 55, 57.) 

From the examination of various budgets and from 
observation of many families, as well as from twenty- 
five years' experience in housekeeping, I am con- 
vinced that the tendency to extravagance in the 
American household comes in the two columns Food 
and Operating Expenses — if the latter include the 
incidentals or sundries and unexpected outgoes, which 
count up very fast. Individual extravagance may 
frequently occur in clothes. 

In food I believe the trouble is largely one of 
waste. Twice as much is ordered as is really neces- 
sary, and in small families where there is no separate 
servants' table, unless very great care is taken, large 
portions of the most expensive food are left to be 
served in the kitchen, so that the total cost of food is 
very high. If the ordering is left to the cook, this is 
sure to be so. It is for the interest of the grocer and 
butcher to have the bills large, and the tips they give 
to secure this would astonish many a man who now 



36 THE COST OF LIVING. 

wonders at the size of his bills. Only an accurate 
knowledge of how much is really needed, and a close 
watch over the amounts ordered, can keep the food 
cost down. It is policy to allow the common, in- 
expensive articles such as flour and sugar and potatoes 
to be used freely, but the quantities of meats, high- 
priced vegetables, and confections should be carefully 
calculated. One remedy for the extravagance and 
consequent debt resulting from this excess of expen- 
diture in one or more directions may be found in a 
system of strict account-keeping as a check to the 
impulse to purchase which is often repented of when 
too late. 

In order to render the accounts of value there must 
be certain recognized standards of possible attainment 
to serve as a guide to the young people in establish- 
ing the traditions of the new home. 

The following table showing a theoretical division 
of the several incomes may be helpful in some cases 
and may stimulate the family provider to keep 
accounts so systematically as to be able to give the 
several percentages along these division lines. 

I hear the protest arising from three fourths of my 
readers that life would not be worth living under 
these circumstances; it would be bondage. I reply, 
not after the habit is once formed. Bagehot said, 
" There is no pain like the pain of a new idea " ; but 
on the other hand Mark Twain wrote, " You cannot 



HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE. 37 

SUGGESTED BUDGETS. 



Family Income. 



Two adults and two or three 
children (equal to four 
adults) : 

Ideal division 

$2000 to $4000 

$800 to $1000 

$500 to $800 

Under $500 



Percentage for 



2;, 
25 
SO 

45 
60 



20 ± 
20 ± 
20 
15 
15 



be .. 



be 



15 ± 
15 ± 
IO 
IO 

5 



jxjs be 
o o c 



15 ± 

20 ± 

15 

10 
10 



25 

20 

25 

20 

10 



throw habit out of the window; it must be coaxed 
down-stairs one step at a time." New habits may 
be difficult to establish, but once fixed they maintain 
themselves. The moral of which is that it will pay 
in the end to establish a custom of looking after the 
small details which will cease to be a burden after a 
few months. This is especially necessary if the help 
is constantly changing. Let the rules of the house 
be known when engaging any servant, then there will 
be no difficulty. Much of the confusion so prevalent 
arises because there are no rules — no accounts. 

Again, the temptation to spend for things pleasant 
but not needful, or even beautiful, either for the 
household or for personal gratification are many, and 



$6 THE COST OF LIVING. 

it requires some moral support, such as an account- 
book or some great ideal to strive for, to keep the 
pocketbook closed. What the liquor saloon is to the 
drinking man the bargain-counter is to the aimless 
woman. 

The reason a young man fears to marry is not 
because of the present cost of a house, but because 
he cannot estimate the future cost of running it. He 
has no rule to go by. 

In most newly established homes there is no gov- 
erning principle at the foundation to which both man 
and wife are committed and for which both are will- 
ing to make sacrifices. 

How far shall be carried the habit of saving, of life- 
insurance, etc., is an open question. Certainly each 
family should be able to take care of itself under all 
circumstances, — such as sickness, lack of work for a 
reasonable time, etc. 

The best investment is in the education of the 
children to be self-supporting, and all should try to 
" better themselves " as the phrase goes, because the 
whole community will rise with the elevation of indi- 
vidual homes. That a certain amount should be put 
by each year for an emergency fund goes without 
saying; how much depends upon circumstances. If 
life-insurance is the best, then in that; if saving- 
banks or bonds, or if in small amounts of cash, then 
in them. This question will bear study; but in all 



HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE. 39 

cases each child of rich or poor should be so devel- 
oped mentally and physically as to be capable of tak- 
ing care of himself if he is ever called upon so to do. 

If a family has learned to lead a dignified, comfort- 
able life on fifteen hundred dollars, it will not be 
difficult to spend more. It is only when the life has 
been badly adjusted that increase of income brings 
with it no answering response. 

If, on the other hand, the socialist limit of eight 
hundred dollars a year is to prevail, then the family 
that has had fifteen hundred or two thousand dollars 
has a better chance of being happy than the one that 
has felt pinched on ten thousand dollars. 

It must be said for tho-e who advocate the eight- 
hundred-dollar limit that they assume that much of 
pleasure, that all of the education, and many of the 
expenses now borne by private means will then be 
provided for by the state. 

At present we may, I think, take eight hundred 
dollars as the limit below which a family can only 
take care of its physical needs, — rent, food, clothes, 
life-insurance, etc. For amusement, recreation, edu- 
cation, instruction, it turns to the means provided at 
public expense. 



CHAPTER IV. 
THE HOUSE. RENT OR VALUE AND FURNISHING. 

" Science has little power to alter national thought by direct 
means, but it has great power in creating new economic con- 
ditions, and these modify national thought." — S. N. Patten. 

"Public opinion is changed by economic conditions — not 
by creeds." — S. N. Patten. 

" The most judicious use of money is to form for one's self 
first of all as pleasant and comfortable a home as is consistent 
with one's means. Money thus spent is money salely in- 
vested." — Edmond Demoulins. 

The factors governing the per cent of the income 
paid for housing are: 

1. Sanitary requirements. 

2. Social requirement; location; architectural ap- 
pearance. 

3. Standards of living. 

The house is one of the most serious difficulties in 
the way of ideal living, for we have inherited the sins 
of our ancestors in tangible form and, in addition, 
those of conscienceless contractors and greedy cap- 
italists. 

The family whose needs we are considering — one 

40 



THE HOUSE. RENT OR VALUE AND FURNISHING. 41 

with an annual income of fifteen hundred to three 
thousand dollars — finds the greatest difficulty in secur- 
ing the conditions given above either for purchase or 
rent. Neglect of sanitary precautions by the owners 
of houses has been so flagrant that the expense of 
putting a place in condition to live in is often nearly 
equal to that required to build anew. The rapid, 
irresponsible growth of many of our towns, whole 
streets being built up before any system of grading 
or of sewerage has been established, has done much 
to keep the death-rate high. The frequent changes 
in streets or section due to the putting in of railroads 
or factories or to the intrusion of business neces- 
sitates as frequent removal, and to this is largely due 
the habit our typical family has acquired of renting 
instead of owning a house. 

The rent is a definite and certain expense, and a 
place of one's own is, in the shifting condition of the 
modern town, a most uncertain asset and not the safe 
investment it has formerly been, and besides it is a 
continual source of unexpected expense. For in- 
stance, a change in the city regulations as to plumb- 
ing may entail an expense equal to a year's rent. 

At present this feature of the cost of living cannot 
be ignored, but must be reckoned with in any discus- 
sion of family expenses. It must be acknowledged 
that although some families do suffer exceeding dis- 
comfort in order that, judged by the house they live 



42 THE COST OF LIVING. 

in, they may be supposed to have reached a higher 
rank, yet an increasing proportion of intelligent 
young people are looking for better sanitary condi- 
tions as well as for social standing. 

Nevertheless the instability of the material home, 
the fact of renting instead of owning an abode, has 
made possible much of the retrograde movement in 
home manners and customs. While there should be 
an ideal which is independent of the mere material 
surroundings, as a fact results seem to show that it is 
lacking to a deplorable degree. 

It is for this ideal, this sense of the sanitary and 
educational value of the home cosmos, that education 
is demanded, that public sentiment needs to be 
created. An insistent demand would soon produce a 
variety of house better suited to the wholesome living 
which sanitary science demands. 

A home means four walls and, in this climate, a 
roof, into however many compartments the space so 
enclosed may be divided. Sanitary rules say that 
the space for each person should be not less than 
300 cubic feet; that light and air shall have access 
freely; that water shall be freely supplied and quickly 
removed when used; that the soil on which the 
structure stands shall be clean, dry, and porous. 
These requirements must be met at whatever cost of 
money is necessary to procure them, and yet how 
many of the thousands of house-hunters in the cities 



THE HOUSE. RENT OR VALUE AND FURNISHING. 43 

and towns ever think of these things, or, if they do, 
weigh them in the balance with the style of the porch, 
the number of bay windows, or with fashion as to 
street ? It is not only in the slums that there is in- 
sufficient air-space. So long as ignorant men and 
women will rent these closets under the name of 
rooms, so long builders will put them up. So long 
as the dining-room is of less consequence than the 
front hall, so long will the showy part of the house be 
emphasized. 

Economy of labor has not been thought of in the 
construction of houses. In what other business would 
the coal-supply be dumped on the sidewalk to be 
shovelled and wheeled into the cellar, only to be 
brought up again; the ashes carried down, only to be 
again brought up and carted away? How few of the 
really valuable mechanical appliances are found in a 
house! How little attention is paid to the saving of 
labor! The heaviest kettles are always on the lowest 
shelf, and articles of daily use are so placed as to 
require miles of travel. House-architecture is fifty 
years behind shop-building and factory-construction. 
It goes without saying that the ignorance of the 
housewife as to what is possible, and her traditional 
conservatism, are the causes for this state of things. 

The attention of students of social science should 
not be wholly absorbed in the so-called tenement- 
house problem ; the needs of the higher-class wage- 



y 



44 THE COST OF LIVING. 

earner should be considered, and by this means the 
other object will be soonest accomplished. Example 
is more powerful than precept. 

I can think of no greater missionary work possible 
than that some philanthropic individual should offer 
a competition in house-architecture which should 
illustrate the possibilities of modern science, unless it 
might be the offering of a prize for the best essay on 
the living in such a house to be written by a college 
woman of five years' experience in housekeeping. 

A house should be comfortable inside, capable of 
pleasing arrangements, and so planned *as not to re- 
quire excess of work to care for it. Here is true 
economy. The ideals and standards of life are what 
should rule. 

A home must mean more than four walls and food: 
it must stand for one's self; it must be an outer 
garment as it were, showing the taste and cultivation 
of its occupants. 

Exclusive of land, the cost of housing with the 
demands of modern life, water-supply, drainage, hard 
finish, etc., is about one thousand dollars per person, 
or four thousand dollars for the typical family of five. 
It may be halved or it may be doubled in many 
instances without serious difficulty, except in respect 
to location. It may be quartered or it may be 
quadrupled, but these are the two extremes of re- 
quirement. One thousand dollars will build only 



THE HOUSE. RENT OR VALUE AND FURNISHING. 45 

two rooms (renting for ten dollars a month, one 
hundred and twenty dollars a year) of a tenement, or 
five rooms of a suburban cottage, giving a minimum 
of light and air. Sixteen thousand dollars should 
build all that any family could use for themselves 
alone, so far as essentials go. Of course sentiment 
enters into rent, desirable locality, and the reverse, 
but too often cheapness means lack of water and air 
and cleanness, and dearness means bad taste in orna- 
ment or lavish expenditure for mere show. Our 
houses in America are mere extension of clothes, 
they are not built for the next generation. Our 
needs change so rapidly that it is not desirable. It 
is far better to spend less for the mere house and 
more for what goes on in it — the real life. 

Certain questions should be considered by each 
family. First, what is the object of the house ? 
What are its essential features ? There is great need 
of economic and domestic education among architects. 
It would be possible to add beauty to most family 
residences without detracting from their utility. 

Second, what proportion of the income should be 
paid for rent ? Sufficient to secure the requirements 
of health, even to half the income. This is not 
necessary if the family will avoid fictitious values due 
to supposed superiority of neighborhood or to mere 
pretension in building. Without heat and light, 
twenty per cent of any income between five hundred 



46 THE COST OF LIVING. 

and five thousand dollars a year should secure safe 
shelter for a family. If it does not, there is work for 
a social-reform club in that community as well as for 
the board of health. The fact that many families 
pay twenty-five per cent is the first evidence of 
unsound economic policy, but it may often be inter- 
preted as a tribute to higher ideals provided the 
increase here is met by a decrease elsewhere so that 
the sum total shall keep its proportion. 

The needs of the family should be carefully set 
down and the plan of life in the house made out 
before it is rented or built. Some measure of privacy 
should be secured to each one, and yet there should 
be one common meeting-place. The pretentious 
custom of a large drawing-room furnished for show, 
occupied only when receiving callers and consequently 
in which hostess and visitors alike feel the chill of 
dead things, not the warmth of daily emotions, is 
responsible for much of the housekeeping misery of 
the time. Unless the family is large enough and 
with a combined income amply sufficient to entertain 
frequently, this habit of keeping a large room for a 
possible wedding or a funeral is a vicious one. The 
space may be utilized for the comfort of the family 
in many other ways, either in separate sleeping-rooms 
or in a large living-room. 

All the mechanical arrangements of this shelter 
must be under control, that is, they must be under- 



THE HOUSE. RENT OR VALUE AND FURNISHING. 47 

stood by the one in charge of the house in order that 
the cost of living in the house may not be in great 
excess of the comfort and health resulting. This is 
just as essential as a knowledge of the machinery he 
is to run is for the engineer who is obliged by law to 
have a license. If each householder were obliged to 
pass an examination on the mechanical arrangements 
of his or her house and show a knowledge of furnace, 
battery, and flue before being allowed to occupy it, a 
cry of state interference with private rights would be 
at once raised; but in that day when it is clear that 
the carelessness of men threatens to extinguish the 
race it will doubtless be done. 

The office of the house is not only as shelter from 
the elements, not only as shelter from the curiosity 
and interference of the outside world, but as an ex- 
pression of the persons in it — of their ideals, tastes, 
education, and needs of soul as well as of body. 

Besides the number, size, and arrangement of the 
rooms, there is to be considered the color of the 
walls, the harmony of decoration, the arrangement of 
the furniture and pictures. This is not a matter of 
little consequence or of outside taste. A home is an 
expression of family ideals, else the place is a board- 
ing-house. That women who are nominally at the 
head of households take the ready-made plans of 
landlords and decorators and only stipulate that all 
shall be as stylish as Mrs. So-and-So's is proof of 



48 THE COST OF LIVING. 

their low ideals of what a home means and of their 
unfitness to preside therein. Ignorance and in- 
efficiency in the home are not good recommendations 
for the opposite characteristics in the business life for 
which they long. 

In no one item of expenditure is there so much 
room for the exercise of ideals, for the development 
of character, as in this one of providing the best sur- 
roundings for the family life. In no department are 
knowledge and taste of so much money value — for it 
is not the most expensive but the most appropriate 
and harmonious article which is the best. The 
beauty of cleanliness is not sufficiently appreciated 
by the ordinary purchaser. Here again it is what 
others buy and not what appeals to one's own need 
that leads to the spending of money for a multitude 
of articles which catch dust and become grimy or else 
require an undue proportion of time in a vain at- 
tempt to keep clean. 

It is certainly wiser to pay higher rent for a modern 
house than to spend much on furnishing an old one; 
and if the house is so finished as to need little care, 
there is an additional gain: less paint to clean, fewer 
stairs to go over, gas instead of coal, — all these things 
are to be considered in the total of this part of the 
living expenses. 

If the rent of a given house is low compared with 
others, one of three things is the probable cause — 



THE HOUSE. RBTNT OR VALUE AND FURNISHING. 49 

undesirable neighborhood, an old house out of repair, 
or simply cheap construction. 

The householder must balance well the different 
elements of the problem. 

Fashion should not be allowed to rule — only sani- 
tary conditions and moral health of the children. 

The following are some of the questions which 
should be propounded by every householder: 

Is the soil dry ? 

Is the cellar dry and light ? 

Are the drain-pipes in sight ? 

Are the drain-pipes sound ? 

Does the furnace or the steam-boiler warm the 
house ? 

Has the bath-room an outside window for sunlight 
and a double door ? 

Has every room some means of cross-ventilation ? 

Will it be possible to keep the rooms clean without 
inordinate work ? Is there much cut, painted, or 
ornamented woodwork, etc. ? Are there many stairs, 
and inconvenient ones ? 

How many servants, if any, will be needed for the 
care of the house ? 



CHAPTER V. 

OPERATING EXPENSES: FUEL, LIGHT, WAGES, 
AND INCIDENTALS. 

" Few women when they assume the care of a household 
know the exact value of the household plant; the amount to 
be deducted each year for wear and tear; the relative propor- 
tions expended annually for rent, fuel, food, clothing, and 
service; the number of meals served and the approximate cost 
of each ; the amount of profit, waste, or unproductiveness that 
results from all expenditures made." — Lucy M. Salmon. 
" Enjoyment depends on state of mind, comfort on habits." 
" The complaint of one's assistants is a boomerang. It writes 
the complainant down id large letters as himself poorly fitted 
for his responsibilities." 

Having secured a comfortable, healthful house in 
a satisfactory locality, the daily life is to be estab- 
lished in it. It is to be warmed, lighted, and kept 
clean and in repair. In short, it is to be operated for, 
the benefit of the family as a railroad is for the bene- 
fit of the public; and the same far-sighted business 
sense should govern these expenses if the family is 
to find profit in the life such as the stockholders of a 
well-managed railroad secure as a result of their 

knowledge. 

50 



OPERATING EXPENSES. 5 1 

The ideal of health and comfort, mental as well as 
bodily, should be held constantly before the eye of the 
household manager, and no ignorance or parsimony 
ought to peril either. A maximum of efficiency 
must be maintained at a minimum of cost. 

The compartment of the family purse from which 
these expenses are paid is usually like a sieve, retain- 
ing nothing for emergencies. No portion of the 
income can bring so much comfort, and none is so 
difficult to expend. Waste of money elsewhere is 
compensated by crowding down the wages or by 
cutting off items small in themselves but affecting the 
family happiness. 

This department also suffers from the lack of care 
in details which is required to keep any business at 
its maximum efficiency. 

The present only is considered ; nothing is used as 
if it were to be needed again. The common habit 
of handing down to the next generation valuable 
heirlooms having been lost, with it has gone that 
forethought in small daily duties which preserves for 
one's own use one's belongings, personal or house- 
hold. 

It is this carelessness extending to children and 
servants which causes so large an outlay for the 
running expenses of the house. 

Before a purchase is made, the labor involved in 
caring for it, or in cooking it, should be considered. 



52 THE COST OF LIVING. 

When a standard of living is once set, the cost of 
maintaining that standard should be considered. At 
this point our modern housekeeping is weakest. 
How much does it cost to keep a house of eight or 
of fourteen rooms ? 

How many hours of efficient service are needed for 
a family of five ? 

How much fuel should suffice for a suburban house 
of twelve rooms or a city house of the same cubic 
contents with fourteen rooms ? 

The reader will at once raise the question, is this 
not just that individual freedom, that variety of 
choice for which the earlier pages plead ? Are we to 
brine all our methods to one measure, and is each to 
pattern after the same standards? By no means; 
only each must have his own standard and ideal to 
aim for, and must not live from hand to mouth as do 
savages, or servilely copy one's neighbor all unknow- 
ing of the exact conditions. 

Because we acknowledge that there is more than 
business in the idea of home, let us not make the 
mistake of assuming that there is no business side to 
household affairs. 

No man in his senses will set up any other manu- 
facturing establishment with as little regard to the 
purpose of it all and to the future success of its 
operation as he will allow in the inauguration of his 
household. 



OPERATING EXPENSES. 53 

Light should be regulated on hygienic principles 
as far as possible, and should not, as is often the case, 
be allowed to vitiate the air beyond reason. 

The way in which ignorance on the part of house- 
keepers blocks social progress is seen in the difference 
between the development of electric transportation 
and domestic gas consumption. The use of gas for 
fuel was proposed before the trolley line was devel- 
oped, but at each step in the introduction of gas 
obstacles due to ignorance of the relations of heat 
and of the management of mechanical apparatus have 
so far prevented the extension of this convenient and 
economical fuel. The manufacturers of domestic 
utensils have not shown that grasp of scientific prin- 
ciples which is expected of other trades, and small 
wonder that it is words, not deeds, upon which they 
rely to catch their ignorant customers. 

The opportunity for the application of business 
principles to household management lies in the strict 
account-keeping which will check unrestricted expen- 
diture on unessentials to the detriment of the funda- 
mental needs. The engineer may design and put up 
an entirely satisfactory pumping-engine, but if an 
incompetent man is put in charge of it, or a com- 
petent man is allowed too little time to look after it, 
the machine rapidly deteriorates and finally breaks 
down. 

It is a common experience that after an occupation 



54 THE COST OF LIVING. 

of a year or two a house becomes unsanitary, battered, 
saturated with odors of cooking, or that on trial it 
proves to be inconvenient for the family life. 

If all the complex collocation which we call living 
gave real and lasting happiness, we might say that it 
was in the line of evolutionary progress. Since it 
frequently does not, but, on the contrary, is produc- 
tive of discomfort and early death, why should we not 
consider the possibility of greater happiness through 
simplicity and consequent perfection; of greater sat- 
isfaction through the assurance that we have used 
our resources to the best of our ability ? 

I am told that the people of culture in New 
England fifty years ago paid one third their income 
for rent, but the annual expenses of the establishment 
were not in proportion what they are now. Life was 
much simpler, and the actual amount of work done 
was far less. The sanitary requirements of to-day 
were unknown. The handsome, simple furniture was 
more easily cleaned; the dust-catching bric-a-bric was 
absent; the laundry work was far less; and while the 
service of the table was dignified, it was not so 
elaborate as now. 

There were no telephones, no gas, no lamps (most 
time-consuming in care), fewer callers, more true 
hospitality, few brass pipes to clean, on the whole less 
sickness. We have gained in conveniences, but have 
lost in real ease and comfort of life. It is true cer- 



OPERATING EXPENSES. 55 

tain comforts have greatly increased: soft rugs have 
replaced the sanded floors; easy chairs, the straight- 
backed settle. But the knocker which announced the 
entrance of the visitor directly into the living-room is 
replaced by the electric bell, which calls a maid up 
one flight of stairs to the door, only to send her up 
another flight to announce the caller. 

Has any one ever calculated the foot-pounds of 
energy and the time consumed in answering the door- 
bell and the telephone in a modern house ? Has 
any housekeeper taken into account her increased 
demands as, year by year, these calls increase ? 

There is a constantly growing temptation to un- 
necessary expenditure for things small in themselves 
and pleasant enough, but not worth while, as would 
be seen if any effort were needed to obtain them. 

One of the gravest objections to the telephone in a 
house is the atrophy of all forethought which it per- 
mits. Why should careful account of the larder or 
work-basket be taken each morning if a yeast-cake or 
a spool of thread may be ordered by telephone ? 

Refinement of living has benefited by the intro- 
duction of courses at meals instead of serving all the 
food at once, but the cost in time has been increased 
by more than the number of courses. Yet the 
average housewife will maintain that the expense is 
no more. 

Let us try a readjustment of the different house- 



56 THE COST OF LIVING. 

hold expenses before we give up the maintenance of 
the individual home. 

To-day it would be suicidal for a young couple of 
the professional class or of any class to pay one third 
of any income between fifteen hundred and three 
thousand dollars for rent, because the accompanying 
expenses of those things that make modern life are 
so much greater than they were fifty years ago. 

There is so much more moving about than formerly. 
Car-fares count up. The woman goes shopping 
daily; the family go to the park to see the fireworks. 
The ice; the tax on hose and faucets; the cleaning 
of the furnace; the cleaning of sidewalks, — all swell 
the monthly bills. 

There is no mystery about the increasing popu- 
larity of the apartment house. The trouble of 
estimating these expenses and of making repairs is 
shifted to the business man's shoulders, and the 
woman has so much the less money to be responsible 
for. For those who are busy with other duties, who 
travel or who are getting on in years and who can 
afford to pay for relief from care, a well-built apart- 
ment house may be a blessing, but as a family home 
for children it is a most extravagant luxury, and like 
other luxuries causes deterioration in the race. 

Perhaps we shall be obliged to give up the family 
home for a time in order to find out how much it is 
worth, but it would be better for a few intelligent 



OPERATING EXPENSES. 57 

women to first experiment scientifically, in order to 
put the subject on a practical basis, and then to 
publish their results for others to study. A social 
settlement for the study of the domestic questions 
pertaining to the life of those whose incomes are 
three thousand dollars a year would, I believe, be 
more valuable than one for the study of the annual 
expenditure of three hundred dollars. 

The reader will say it all depends on standards. 
True; but sanitary standards cannot be so far different 
for different towns. 

One railroad does not differ so widely from another 
in cost of running its cars that no estimates can be 
made from known facts. 

How long should it take to clean a chamber or to 
do the chamber-work of the family of three or five ? 
It would not be difficult to settle this if women were 
amenable to reason or if they had any training in 
mechanics, so that they could tell whether the person 
were wasting time and strength in passing to and fro 
ten times where once would serve. 

The following estimates are given for the purpose 
of a definite point of departure for the study, which 
the writer hopes and believes will come. 

For instance, with an annual expenditure of $3000, 
$500 for rent, $500 for wages, $500 for operation, 
$700 for food, $300 for clothes, $500 for the higher 
life may be allotted. If this does not prove to be 



58 THE COST OF LIVING. 

enough, then either wages or food or clothes must be 
cut down or a cheaper house taken. In deciding 
these problems, there is ample variety to keep up 
interest in life and to prevent all persons from falling 
to a dead level. 

If two teachers, clerks, artists, desire an independ- 
ent home life, a place of their own to come to after 
the day's work, it is quite possible to secure it in the 
following manner: 

Assume the income of each to be $750 a year. 
$1500 will be the sum to be expended. Set aside for 
rent $300, for food $375, for service $150 (since there 
are no children and each will take care not to make 
unnecessary work), for clothes $250, for savings or 
emergency fund $200; leaving for travel, books, 
church, charity, lectures, and amusement $225. The 
last three items, amounting to $337.5 dollars each or 
45 per cent of the total income, may be varied 
according to the individual choice without affecting 
the other items. 

The insistence on each family living within its 
income and saving enough to prevent it from becom- 
ing a state burden is an ideal or a standard which 
must be cultivated. The happy-go-lucky way brings 
debt, disgrace, and that dependence which is debas- 
ing. 

The ratio between rent and wages must be made a 
study in economics interpreted in the light of sanitary 



OPERATING EXPENSES. 59 

science before a rational settlement of the service 
question can be secured. And no great advance in 
housekeeping can take place until this is done. 

Agricultural labor suffers because when a boy is 
man-grown he receives man's wages whatever the 
quality of his work. There is no opportunity for dis- 
crimination in values and for rise of wages. 

So in house service good work is not appreciated 
or rewarded, and the same wages are paid to a slow 
or slovenly maid as are offered to a quick, neat worker. 
No reward in the way of release from duty is offered 
for the quicker work, but only more and often un- 
necessary work is added in order to fill the time, in 
the same spirit in which the hotel guest tries to get 
his money's worth by eating through the bill of fare. 

When the stage-coach carried its passengers and 
the mails over dangerous roads the driver was per- 
force a man of energy and resolution, of shrewd 
observation. 

The horse-car with its guiding rails required less of 
its driver, and the position fell to those who could do 
little else. 

Now the electric motor has changed the require- 
ments, and in the suburban motorman we find many 
an old stage-driver and the same type of quick-to-act, 
capable man. 

The moral is plain: change the requirements of 
household service by inventions and arrangements 



60 THE COST OF LIVING. 

which demand skilled labor, and the labor will come 
to it. 

The unexpected forms a large part of life, the 
larger, the more complicated it becomes. No good 
manager is without a fund to draw upon for emergen- 
cies. In the household, debt usually comes because 
the fund has not been reserved. This one principle 
if insisted upon would lessen the nervous wear of 
housekeeping by an incalculable amount. 

In many respects the average housewife is yet a 
savage, instead of the up-to-date woman she thinks 
herself, but in none more than in this failure to 
estimate correctly the future possibilities in the small 
household expenses. 

Dr. Munsterberg maintains that the one thing an 
American does not economize is time, and as regards 
the household I think he is right. 

There is rarely any system by which the maids are 
taught to carry out one thing when they go for 
another, to do the thing first upon which all the rest 
depends, to accomplish the most for a given number 
of steps. 

It will be at once said, " But they do not wish to be 
told, they like to spend time in trifling." Possibly; 
but it is human nature to enjoy results, to see some- 
thing done and not forever doing. 

My point is that the cost of living is greatly in- 
creased by the neglect of the householder to estimate 



OPERATING EXPENSES. 6 1 

carefully the amount of time it should require to 
accomplish the end arrived at and the waste at every 
step of the day's work. Until better habits, business 
habits, are brought into the household we must allow 
about twenty per cent excess over a rational estimate 
in actual labor, and at least as much more for in- 
efficient labor. 

For the ordinary city household where cosmopoli- 
tan standards are adhered to, and where there are 
children and social duties, it is estimated that the sum 
paid for wages should be one half that paid for rent 
or what would be paid if the house were not owned. 
In many cases, in fact in a majority of houses renting 
for three hundred to eight hundred dollars per year, 
two thirds the rent is usual; and if the mistress does 
nothing herself and is not a systematic business 
woman, the rule should be that the wages paid for all 
the work about the place, temporary as well as per- 
manent, should be equal to the rent. This may be 
lessened in two ways — by greater simplicity, or by 
the members of the family sharing in the duties. 

It is hoped that statistics may be gathered on this 
point as a basis of confirmation or refutation of the 
charge that too much of the income is spent on furni- 
ture and bric-a-bric and too little on the care of 
them. 

Sanitary science demands freedom from dust, quick 
removal of all refuse, and absolute cleanliness. This 



62 THE COST OF LIVING. 

means time and strength as well as constant watchful- 
ness. 

The other operating expenses, — fuel, lights, ex- 
press business, fares, stationery, water-tax, and news- 
papers, — those things that are not permanent, but go 
to make the comforts of life, — should be kept in 
amount equal to wages, -for the more servants there are 
the more some of these expenses will increase without 
corresponding increase in satisfaction. A large part 
of the present cost of this class of household expendi- 
ture is due to an increased speed in running. In the 
test of the new British cruiser " Highflyer" it was 
found that with a speed of 12 J knots per hour 2135 
horse-power was required, but when she was run at 
20.1 knots the horse-power was 10,344, or nearly 
five times for an increase of less than two times. 
The greater the speed the more rapid the increase. 
For instance, it required more coal to drive the 
cruiser 20.1 from 19.4 knots, an increase of only .7, 
than to drive her the steady rate of 12J knots. In 
our household life we are living at the rate of 20 
knots an hour, with the consequent wear and tear on 
the machinery and without realizing the necessity of 
increased outlay if the machine is to be kept effi- 
cient. 

Much of the expense complained of in modern 
plumbing is caused by the neglect of the most 
obvious precautions, 



OPERATING EXPENSES. 63 

In no other department of household life than -in 
the care of details is the contrast greater between the 
old-fashioned housewife and the mistress of the 
modern apartment, and in no other line is there so 
great need of applied science, — that science which 
cannot be learned from books, but which women must 
acquire or resign their position. 

In engineering science a careful study is given to 
reducing friction in order that a given amount of 
power may yield the calculated force. In the house- 
hold the (i running " of the house is the place where 
the friction is greatest and where it will pay most to 
give thought to the reduction of the wear and tear. 

In regard to fuel the sanitary view must be the 
first to be taken. The house must be so evenly and 
thoroughly heated as to preserve the health of its 
inmates; and since their circumstances vary as to age, 
habits, occupations, clothing, etc., each must be 
governed by these requirements, only there must be 
a recognition of these needs and not an ignoring of 
them. The heating-plant is the heart of the house 
for eight or nine months of the year, and must be 
looked after by the most intelligent and responsible 
person in the house, — one who understands the chem- 
istry of combustion and the mechanics of draft. The 
coal-bill might be reduced by one half in most house- 
holds and the health doubly secured under these cir- 
cumstances. 



64 * THE COST OF LIVING. 

One hundred dollars should be ample for heating 
a house which rents for a thousand dollars, and two 
thirds that sum for one which rents for five hundred 
dollars. The tenement at twenty dollars a month 
should be made comfortable with twenty-five dollars 
a year. 



CHAPTER VI. 
FOOD. 

" Half the cost of life is the price of food."— Atkinson. 

" Wherefore do ye spend money for that which is not bread, 
and your labor for that which satisfieth not ? "—Isaiah lv. 2. 

" Courage, cheerfulness, and a desire to work depends mostly 
on good nutrition."— Moleschott. 

"The removal of the predisposition to disease is the most 
thorough-going way of making all infectious disease impos- 
sible."— Hueppe. 

NOT all other influences put together can equal 
in profound effect upon the welfare of the household 
that exercised by food and the attitude of mind 
regarding it. The well-nourished child is a happy, 
strong little animal, making brain and muscle and 
nerve for future use. The well-nourished adult is a 
hearty, efficient member of society, contributing his 
share to the common stock of public good as well as 
enjoying his own work and pleasure. There is little 
fear of disease for either child or man, since the best 
prophylactic is a generous store of blood-corpuscles 
both red and white. The human body in normal 
condition has a well-drilled army of " phagocytes" 

(white blood-corpuscles or leucocytes) to which the 

65 



66 THE COST OF LIVING. 

man needs to give no directions. But if he neglects 
to take suitable food or to keep himself warm, if he 
becomes frightened or takes drugs, his faithful aimy 
is paralyzed and the enemy finds easy entrance. The 
condition of this army, like that of any other, depends 
on its commisariat. If the food-supply is just right, 
the soldiers are vigorous; if it is wrong in any partic- 
ular, they are weakened. Nothing can take the place 
of food in the human economy. Therefore the poor 
man is justified in spending two thirds of his income, 
if need be, for food. But over-nutrition is as danger- 
ous as under-nutrition. The protecting army may 
be incapacitated by indulgence in food, may be 
poisoned by ptomaines or narcotized by alcohol or 
tobacco. The body tissues may become weakened 
under the strain of excess, and irritability, disease, and 
death may follow. Food habits should be formed by- 
young children under careful guidance. Until there 
is a generation which is well trained in this matter 
very little progress in the use of food as a means of 
securing human efficiency can be made. So long as 
food is looked upon either as a disagreeable necessity 
or as a means of merely sensuous pleasure the child 
will grow up with whims and fancies which will pre- 
vent the best physical development. 

For the human race as a whole it has been shown 
that at least half the cost of life is the cost of food. 
Food is the essential condition of life, and the race 



FOOD. 67 

instincts in regard to it are so fundamental that as a 
rule only stress of circumstances affects any sudden 
change. The growth of new food habits is a gradual, 
almost an imperceptible one in all nationalities, be- 
cause of that instinct of self-preservation by avoidance 
of the unknown which was essential in the early stages 
of race development. Only since knowledge has 
replaced instinct, and readiness of adaptation to 
environment has produced cosmopolitan man, can 
there be said to exist a science of nutrition which has 
been founded on a study of the food habits of a great 
variety of peoples under a great variety of circum- 
stances and on the results of experimental feeding of 
animals. 

As a' result of these studies it may be briefly stated 
that a condition of complete nutrition should be 
aimed at but not overstepped. It is the belief of 
most students of economics and sociology that it 
is the overfed among the nine tenths not sub- 
merged who are being eliminated by the various dis- 
eases of modern life, — apoplexy, heart-disease, 
Bright's disease, etc., — and that the sterility of the 
better-placed portion of the community is largely due 
to the plethora of food and drink which induces 
the eating of more than the system can stand and 
vitality is consequently reduced. " Our appetites 
are stronger than they need to be under existing con- 
ditions." 



68 THE COST OF LIVING. 

Unless some form of restraint is imposed in place 
of that asceticism and frugality with which religious 
ideals safeguarded the more intelligent classes in the 
past, the present type is likely to die out and " a 
more primitive man will come forward to try anew 
to solve the problem of the highest civilization." 

Self-evident propositions may be stated as follows: 

Food is that which supplies the body with such 
substances as are necessary to preserve it in health 
and to supply it with energy for daily work or play. 

Food materials as a whole should contain those 
substances in sufficient quantities and in suitable 
proportions. 

Food materials should not contain anything in- 
jurious, nor be so prepared as to develop any injurious 
qualities. 

Food materials should not be so stored or packed 
as to produce by their decomposition any secondary 
substances which are in the least degree detrimental.* 

Good health is essential to efficient production of 
energy and to the enjoyment of the good things of 
this world. 

Standards of living must include the idea of effi- 
ciency if man is to live up to his opportunities. 

Food is not only the workingman's capital, it is 
the cultivated man's bank-account. 

* In addition, the mode of preparation, combination, and serv- 
ing should be such as to increase the enjoyment of the food with- 
out rendering it less suitable for its purpose. 



FOOD. 69 

It is because I believe in the possibility of control 
of even economic conditions by ideals firmly held by 
a sufficient number of fathers and mothers (who alone, 
according to Patten, count for much in race progress) 
that I urge so strongly the dissemination of what 
scientific knowledge we have, and the importance of 
gaining yet more facts about food and its part in 
human welfare 

The moment when a family is released from the 
bondage of race instincts and habits as to food, in 
that moment danger begins for them. Unrestrained 
appetite in this as in other directions leads to loss of 
efficiency; therefore education must come to the 
rescue. 

If the proper study of mankind is man, then the 
study of that which makes him a capable, efficient 
member of society and not a wretched dyspeptic or a 
shell of walking contagion is worthy a place in any 
curriculum. 

In no other department of household expenditure 
is there so great an opportunity for the exercise of 
knowledge and skill with so good results for pocket 
and health. No item of expense is so fully under 
individual control. The house stands out for every 
one to see. Clothes are scrutinized and commented 
upon; if attempt is made to economize in fuel, light, 
and wages, it is sure to leak out and be put down to 
a niggardly soul. But in most families there is ample 



70 THE COST OF LIVING. 

margin in food from which to take a respectable slice 
without harming any one. If the family is a close 
corporation, no one will be the wiser for the time and 
thought which the mistress puts into an aesthetic as 
well as nutritious table. If the typical servant is 
required to follow the same plan, she will probably 
rebel and give warning rather than live with a mistress 
who measures the sugar and counts the potatoes, so 
hopelessly wasteful have our habits become. 

It is not the food actually eaten that costs so ex- 
cessively, it is that zvastcd by poor cooking, by exces- 
sive quantity, and by purchase out of season when 
the price is out of all proportion to its value. Good 
judgment as to the amounts to be prepared, as to the 
harmony of the meal, the blend of flavor; as to the 
right appetizers; and good humor and cheerful con- 
versation, with the most attractive setting and perfect 
serving, will cut down the cost of almost any table one 
half. Many seem to hold the idea that hospitality 
requires the setting of a double portion before the 
guests, and this alone doubles the cost of food in some 
families. It may be rightly said that the knowledge 
of this perfect table involves expensive training on 
the part of the mother or mistress, and that it will be 
cheaper for the family to go to a hotel where the 
chef is paid to do this for a thousand people. True, 
this is what a large number of American citizens 
think, and if it were not for the increased death-rate 



FOOD. ^1 

and the alarming prevalence of nervous breakdowns 
and insanity we might allow the mere economic con- 
ditions to rule. But there is another side: fancies 
and flavors and combinations may be better provided 
for by one who has had long experience of the tastes 
of the family than by the chef v^ho suits the average 
of a thousand. Also the health and manners of 
children may be more carefully watched at home. 
And if bright faces and merry hearts gather about 
the home table in fresh cool air, sweet with the 
favorite flowers, will not the quiet, the restful atmos- 
phere soothe the tired nerves more than the strange 
faces, the glare of lights, the rattle of dishes of the 
restaurant or well-ordered hote- — even though the 
noise is drowned in music ? 

In sociological work is it not considered a great 
step when a family is persuaded to gather as a unit 
about the table instead of each taking from the 
bakeshop or the cupboard that which will serve to 
keep soul and body together ? No other symbol of 
comfort and well-being has been so universal as the 
family table, and yet many intelligent women are 
advocating a reversion to primitive ways, thus doing 
away with a civilizing agency. 

The home cannot be looked upon as an eating- 
house, as a laundry, as a sleeping-place; it is the 
school of life, and anything which renders it more 
efficient is worth paying for. The cost in money or 



?2 THE COST OF LIVING. 

time is not to be for a moment grudgingly cut down. 
What if the parents spend all they can earn, is it not 
well invested in the next generation ? The cost of 
living must be measured by the results in flesh and 
blood and brain, not in houses and lands. Hence we 
say: the ideals toward which the family is striving 
come first into discussion before the expenditure can 
be rightly judged. The home is for the children, not 
merely for their nutrition, but for development of 
character; and that must be the only criterion of its 
true economic value, not in dollars and cents, but in 
the character of the men and women which are the 
product of the homes just as truly as the cloth is of 
the loom. And it is this point of view which must 
justify the maintenance of the small group, which we 
call the family, as the unit of the social state. 

Everything about the home must be judged by its 
bearing on character. An experienced charity-worker 
objected to the New England Kitchen on the ground 
that she could not replace the educational and dis- 
ciplinary value of cooking for her poor women. 

It is in the deeper meaning that excuse must be 
found for keeping up the custom of eating at home, 
for it cannot be justified on economic grounds. The 
family table is an educational factor of greatest im- 
portance to the children. There, as nowhere else, 
are inculcated the virtues of self-control, self-denial, 
regard for others, good temper, good manners, pleas- 



food. 73 

ant speech. The children's table presided over by 
the ignorant maid and the hurried service of the 
adult has much to answer for in modern life. 

Whatever it may cost, however uneconomic it may 
seem, — in the wider view of the aim of all living, let 
us keep the family table even if much that is set upon 
it comes from outside; enough should remain to 
permit of its educational, aesthetic, and ethical value. 

When housekeeping is reorganized on a business 
basis the present waste and drudgery and dirt in the 
house-kitchen will be abolished, and along with the 
soap-making will go the soup- and bread-making — 
the heavy kettles and greasy dishes. The cleaning 
of fowls, the trimming of vegetables will be done out 
of the house, and that bete noir the garbage-pail will 
be reduced to manageable dimensions. More refined 
ways of doing the necessary tasks will make the work 
a pleasure and yet, as I believe, will keep the family 
circle intact. 

I do not wish to be understood as relegating food 
to the realm of mere necessities, but I do maintain 
that the relation of the food-supply to health must 
not be overlooked or thrust out of sight. 

The difference between food as an animal need and 
as a source of pleasure as well may be likened to that 
other process of combustion and source of heat, the 
fire on the hearth. The black air-tight stove gave 
the necessary heat and was more economical of fuel 



74 THE COST OF LIVING. 

than the wood-fire against the chimney-back, but with 
the latter comes a sense of cheer, of companionship, 
of worship, that is worth all it costs. 

It is this same sense of pleasurable comfort, of an 
actual accession of strength, which is given by a suit- 
able meal in a harmonious setting. 

As the useful heat of the fire is not wanting, how- 
ever great its beauty, so the useful fuel-value of the 
food must be considered under all the accessories. 
There is here the additional variable, the power of the 
body to utilize the bountiful gift. The very charm 
of the surroundings helps to this provided there is 
not positive harm in the ingredients or their com- 
bination. 

Much of the present cost of food is in the exceed- 
ing cleanliness necessary in dealing with the animal 
foods which are so liable to harmful changes. 

The right attitude of mind toward food will make 
its choice, preparation, and serving that which in 
earlier times it was — a worship, — and the office that 
of a priestess. It was not by chance that so many 
religious rites were connected with eating. 

It served to impress the importance of the right 
view of food upon primitive peoples. 

It is just as wrong to ignore food or to hold it of 
little value as to consider it too much. The health 
of the human body means sufficient food if the indi- 
vidual is to do his or her work in the world. 



FOOD. 75 

Mrs. Bosanquet writes: " Women are supposed to 
be able to live on a much less wage than men of the 
same social standing, and this is largely because they 
accept a much lower standard of living. That is, 
they are content with less food, less comfort, narrower 
interests, and less recreation; and this reacts through 
their impaired vitality by making them less efficient. 
' The woman needs less ' it is always argued as a 
reason for woman's lower wages, but she needs less 
only in the sense that it costs less to maintain a low 
physical standard than a high one." 

Bullock* says there are five ways in which fully 
one fifth the money expended for food is absolutely 
wasted, while the expenditure often fails to provide 
adequate nutriment. In this manner ten per cent of 
the income is squandered in— 

i. Needlessly expensive material, providing little 
nutrition. 

2. A great deal thrown away. 

3. Bad preparation. 

4. Failure to select rightly according to season. 

5. Badly constructed ovens. 

This waste if checked would give an increase of 
income which would appreciably lift the family to a 
higher plane of efficient life. 

I am so often asked for definite menus and for a 
list of articles of food which can serve a family for a 
* Economics* 



j6 THE COST OF LIVING. 

given sum that I am forced to the conclusion that 
there is very little knowledge as to what good food is 
or what it costs; that the decision as to what to 
furnish to the table rests upon what other persons are 
known to buy rather than on any individual judg- 
ment. This is either childish imitation or foolish 
following of fashion. 

Even the writers of cook-books and teachers of cook- 
ing have too often followed instead of led the public. 

Scientific investigation is needed in this respect as 
much as in any other. Before we can make definite 
statements we must have definite knowledge. Most 
of the work done by the United States Government 
has been among those supposed to waste most in food 
materials, those with an income less than five hundred 
dollars. What is more needed is information as to 
what it costs to live well for a family with fifteen 
hundred to three thousand dollars a year; for health- 
ful, appetizing food at a sum not exceeding twenty- 
five per cent of the income. 

When we get budgets from a large number of these 
families we shall be able to formulate much better 
than now the rules for the expenditure of this part of 
the income. 

Extensive studies of the composition of food ma- 
terials and of the amounts consumed by man under 
widely differing conditions show that sufficient raw 
food material for health and production of energy 



FOOD. 77 

may be secured anywhere in America within reach of 
a railroad for nine to ten cents per day per person, 
provided the appetite is strong and natural and not 
influenced by whimsical fancies. Thirteen to fifteen 
cents furnishes good fare for intelligent workmen 
whose wives understand both buying and cooking, and 
also serves for large establishments kept at public 
expense, such as prisons and almshouses. 

Eighteen to twenty-five cents per day per person 
is the most which, according to our estimates in 
Chapter III, should be spent by those whose incomes 
are one thousand to fifteen hundred dollars per year. 
And the knowledge now available for the housewife 
will allow her to do this satisfactorily, provided 
that the aims of the family rise above the pleasures 
of the palate. 

This sum is sufficient for collections of three 
hundred to five hundred persons under one roof, — 
schools, hospitals, and institutions supported by 
charity, — again provided that the right spirit of 
cooperation exists and that a scientific attitude of 
mind can be maintained. 

Twenty-eight to thirty cents is the maximum limit 
for such institutions and for families who are eager 
for the higher pleasures of living and have not money 
enough for both. 

Thirty-five to forty cents spent with discretion is 
ample for colleges, paying hospitals, private schools, 



78 THE COST OF LIVING. 

and private families if the purveyor, cook, and serv- 
ing maid, each and all, do their duty after they are 
furnished with the proper appliances. 

Only when the income of a family of five indi- 
viduals, including servants, rises above four thousand 
dollars a year should an expenditure of fifty cents 
per day per person for raw food materials be looked 
upon with complacency, unless the momentary pleas- 
ures of the palate are preferred to the lasting pleasure 
of health and the satisfaction of the higher nature. 

From what has been said it will be seen that the 
aesthetic value of the table cannot be realized unless 
the highest intelligence in the house makes it his or 
her care. I must say that some of the most perfect 
examples I know are those in which the man of the 
house " puts his mind on it." I believe it would be 
greatly to the advantage of the health and happiness 
of the world if this part of the housekeeping were for 
a time done by men, for then they would systematize 
it as they have systematized the various industrial 
pursuits which were once household occupations. 

The difficulty would be that they would not be 
satisfied with the economic waste of using as much 
effort and time to prepare food for four as is needed 
for fourteen or forty, and the common dining-room 
would prevail. 

The American woman has been much slower than 
the American man to grasp the meaning of the 



FOOD. 79 

proper setting by which to increase the enjoyment of 
food. The club table is often a model feast, while, 
since she no longer cooks the meal herself, the house- 
wife has washed her hands of all care for the essentials 
and wasted her energy on the foolish abundance of 
entrees, sweets, and bon-bons; she has not learned 
to keep the air of her dining-room cool and fresh and 
has not taken pains to make the meal an intelligent 
feast; above all, she has not trained the children to 
eat for life and health, but allowed them to sacrifice 
both to mere habit and whim. As a result her ex- 
penses are large, her health poor, her children peevish, 
her husband makes any excuse to dine at his club, 
and she longs to give up housekeeping and board. 

Most of the women who have written upon house- 
hold economics have shown how smoothly life would 
run if there were no kitchens, and have advocated 
caravansaries where a common dining-room should 
serve as an amusement-hall. 

If it were only the drudgery of preparing the three 
meals a day, this would be a safe solution, but the 
efficiency of the individual depends almost entirely 
on his food. It matters little whether his house has 
a Gothic window or a Mansard roof, whether the 
lining of his coat is of silk or of cotton, as to the 
number of miles he can walk or ride, or the business 
he can transact, but it does matter whether he is able to 
extract the full number of calories from his breakfast. 



80 THE COST OF LIVING. 

Let food and Its accessories be once established on 
a standard of health which means latent power, and 
not upon fashion, and the college president will be 
no longer able to include cooking with millinery in 
the same ignoble category. 

The dressmaker and the milliner are chosen with 
great care, and many visits are made to the shops to 
select fabrics and trimmings; but the cook who is 
responsible for the upbuilding and preservation of the 
body is chosen haphazard and the food ordered by 
telephone. 

Not until it is generally known how much the food 
has to do with human welfare will it receive the 
attention it merits. 

Let the housewife once grasp this idea and she will 
fit herself to carry it out. 

Let the young woman who has longed for a career 
in medicine turn her attention to keeping sickness 
away, and so devote herself to bringing up the sum 
total of human happiness. 

Patten says: " We now have a fair chance to test 
the theory of the dominant influence of scientific 
habits of thought on public opinion. Dyspepsia is 
becoming prevalent. A dyspeptic is in the same un- 
certainty with regard to the effect of what he eats 
that the primitive man was in regard to his ability to 
get something to eat. The result is the same — a 
victim of superstitious fancies and a user of nostrums. 



FOOD. 



8l 



If all men became dyspeptics, superstition would be 
as rife as it was in the middle ages." The race is to 
be helped, not by argument, but by a relief from dis- 
ease, and this sanitary science is trying to accomplish 
even against the will of the victims. 

The following table taken from No. 16 of the 
Rumford Kitchen Leaflets may be helpful to those 
desiring to study the cost of food. 



Nitrogen. 

Cheese 

Beans 

Peas 

Eggs 

Meats 

Milk 



Stay 
Rice 
Wheat 
Corn 
Oats 
Barley- 
Rye 
Beans 
Peas 
Potatoes 



TABLE I. 






FOOD SUBSTANCES 


RICH IN 


Salts, 


h. Fat. 


Sugars. 


Acids, Flavors. 


Cheese 


Molasses 


Vegetables 


t Meats 


Syrups 


Fruits 


Eggs 


Preserves 


Green Relishes 


Milk 


Fruits 


Condiments 



Corn 

Oats 

Wheat 

Rye 

Barley 

TABLE II. 



FOOD MATERIALS IN RELATION TO COST. 



For 5 to is cents Per 
person, daily, the food 
may be chosen from 
Potatoes 
Rye Meal 
Corn Meal 
Wheat Flour 
Barley 
Oats 
Peas 
Beans 

Salt Codfish 
Halibut Nape 



For is to jo cents per For 30 to 100 cents f>er 
person, daily, the food person, daily, the food 



may be chosen frotn 
Beef and Mutton or any 
meat not over 25 cents 
per pound 
Wheat Bread (purchased 

at the baker's) 
Suet 
Butter 
Whole Milk 
Cheese 
Dried Fruits 
Any meat with little bone, Cabbage and other vege- Coffee 

at 5 cents per pound tables in their season 

Oleomargarine Sugar 

Skimmed Milk Fish 

Bacon 
Some Fruits in their season 



may be chosen from 

Choice cuts of Beef, Mut- 
ton, or other meats 

Chickens 

Green Vegetables, Garden 
Stuff, and Vegetables out 
of season 

Preserves 

Confections 

Cakes 

Tea 



CHAPTER VII. 
CLOTHING IN RELATION TO HEALTH. 

"The pursuit of things fashionable for the sole reason that 
they are fashionable is not an exalted occupation and is, indeed, 
I think a somewhat sheeplike attribute.— Frederick Treves. 

" One of the strongest human wants is the society of one's 
fellows."— Bullock. 

The cost of the clothing, like that of the house, 
depends more often upon what impression it is 
desired to make upon the outside world than upon 
the true office of clothing, namely, to preserve the 
health by protecting the body from sudden changes 
of temperature. Whatever may be the cut and color 
of the outside layer, the real garments should fulfil 
this requirement, and the money necessary to secure 
this should not be used for other purposes. 

In our present views as to the nature and causes of 
disease, temperature plays an important role. 

We believe that a well-nourished body kept at its 
normal temperature is exceedingly resistent to if not 
proof against ordinary forms of disease. Bodily 

temperature is chiefly maintained by food and cloth- 

82 



CLOTHING IN RELATION TO HEALTH. 83 

ing, and the one supplements the other. The one 
furnishes fuel, and the other saves it. 

Insufficient food or insufficient clothing may permit 
of a lowering of the temperature of a part or all of 
the body so that disease may gain a foothold. 

The first office of clothing, hygienically speaking, 
is to furnish an outer layer over the body skin which 
shall protect that organ, made delicate by generations 
of protection, from sudden changes of temperature, 
so sudden as not to give the stored food-supply time 
to respond to the stimulus. It is evident that this 
layer should be spread evenly over the skin, and so 
lightly as not to interfere with free bodily movement, 
and that it should be quite pervious to air, since the 
skin is more than covering and has offices to perform 
in the body economy akin to those of lungs and 
kidneys. It is not the insufficiently dressed person 
who catches cold, but the superabundantly dressed. 

And yet direct access of cold air should be pre- 
vented upon such exposed blood-vessels as occur at 
wrists and knees. 

Recent experiments indicate that several layers of 
different substances and a loosely woven texture are 
most advantageous. 

Love of display, of that color which will attract 
attention, is an instinct inherited from our savage 
ancestors. An attribute of the early man, it has in 
the course of evolution reached the woman. As was 



84 THE COST OF LIVING. 

natural when women were left without the home 
industries which served as absorbing occupations for 
them, they began to turn their attention to themselves 
and to allow free play to an untrained fancy in the 
clothing of themselves and their families. With the 
factory cheapening fabrics and becoming unscrupulous 
in the use cf evanescent dyes, nearly all articles of 
clothing used for outside display have degenerated, 
and waste of money in this direction by those who 
need it for other things has become shocking. No 
other form of sense gratification seems such a mania 
with women ; their freedom from household occupa- 
tion has certainly not been well used for the most 
part. It is not uncommon to find a woman who has 
sacrificed the well-being of herself and her family to 
a love of display. 

Here again the school must come to the rescue and 
prevent the next generation from making the same 
mistake. 

The argument is used that it makes business to 
cater to this mania; but it were better that business 
should not be made for the aggrandizement of the 
few than that the many should have their ideals 
debased. 

Whatever may be said of the morality of a factory 
for the making of idols for sale in the East, or of 
printing cloths of barbarous designs and color for 
savage islanders under the pleas that they want them 



CLOTHING IN RELATION TO HEALTH. 85 

and will have no other, in a civilized country those 
who cater to the wants of its own citizens should be 
forced by public opinion to use their capital and their 
skill in ways which will elevate and not degrade the 
ideals of the people for whom they work. 

No great or sudden revolution can be expected, but 
a strong pressure can be exerted if intelligent persons 
will give time and thought to the study of these 
things. 

Protection by clothing from the rigors of climate is 
a distinct advance, as it enables more energy to be 
used for other purposes; but excess of clothing leads 
to tenderness of skin and delicacy of appetite, which 
ill prepare the individual to surmount the obstacles 
nature has interposed. 

Clothing in excess of physical needs must meet 
sesthetical needs which are as real; when a garment 
does neither, but is a source of discomfort to the 
wearer and displeasure to the observer, it may be said 
to have little value. 

The habit of balancing the various utilities of 
clothing would save many a weary hour of stitching 
and shopping. 

This is not a treatise on hygiene, but a discussion 
of certain points in sanitary science which bear on 
cost of living; and in the cost of clothing we must 
include the aesthetic side, just as was done in the case 
of house-furnishing and of food. In this there is an 



86 THE COST OF LIVING. 

unlimited range of possibility, and only certain ideals 
rigidly held will save the exchequer from being 
unduly depleted on this account. 

Each family has ample room for choice which 
aesthetic sense shall be gratified after the hygienic 
essentials are satisfied. 

It may be clothes, it may be food, it may be 
pictures, it may be furniture, it may be travel, but in 
our families it cannot be all of them. When this 
choice is guided by principle and not by fashion the 
family will rest secure in their reasons for a given 
action, and not be troubled by outside opinion. 

With increase of knowledge it will be possible to 
combine the requisite of health and beauty in such a 
way as to lead to economy of time and money. 

The proportion of the income which is due to this 
part of life may be estimated at from five to fifteen 
per cent for the wage-earner whose income is ten to 
twelve dollars per week (six hundred dollars). Thirty 
dollars will go a long way in providing raw material 
for the family if it is made up at home and if a wise 
selection is made of durable materials of true bargain 
or mark-down sales. For the clerk or teacher on a 
salary of twelve hundred dollars ten per cent will keep 
the family in tidy condition for school and church 
and holidays. 

The most difficult case is that of the family who 
are striving to keep in society and who must spend 



CLOTHING IN RELATION TO HEALTH. $? 

for gloves, carriages, and the costly trifles which 
make solely for appearance and the absence of which 
is not forgiven. Unless the income rises above 
twenty-five hundred dollars, fifteen per cent will go 
with the greatest rapidity, and home-made clothing 
will not pass muster. Nothing is more humiliating 
than to be obliged to stay away from a pleasant 
occasion because no suitable clothes are on hand. 

Here again knowledge pays; for if there is an 
aesthetic touch, a personal atmosphere, an ideal, not a 
slavish following of fashion, a person may be well 
dressed with very small expense. Fashion herself 
will approve, and society not shrug her shoulders. It 
is the thoughtless dowdy she disapproves, or the 
purchased, ready-made air. It is not money but 
knowledge and care which tells. One color is not 
much more expensive than another, and one style 
does not require much more cloth than another. It 
is the perfection of detail, the fit, the perfect work, 
the care far more than the money-cost which shows 
taste. The decadence of the use of the needle, the 
lack of comprehension of what makes dress an 
ornament, result in the hideous combinations seen on 
our streets, and in a waste of money which might be 
spent on better things. 

Clothing from the standpoint of health is shelter, 
protection from heat and cold, and is a corollary to 
food. In cold climates the warmer the clothing the 



88 THE COST OF LIVING. 

less food is required. A layer light in weight spread 
evenly over the body so as to protect, not impede, so 
loose in texture as not to prevent free circulation of 
air, soft enough not to irritate the skin several layers 
of different rather than of the same materials, will 
accomplish the purpose. 

These are the essentials which the devotee of 
hygiene will secure first. Outside is the layer which 
we show to the world with an idea of enhancing our 
attraction to others. We can add pleasure to use by 
appearing in harmonious colors and graceful forms, 
and we can by the right selection add to our appear- 
ance. This is right and proper if, as is the case in 
the architecture of the house, it does not cripple the 
more important life of the soul. 

But worse than all else in its effect on the morals 
is the same lack of care in preservation of material 
and garments which is seen in furniture and food. 
The tendency is to use everything as if this were the 
only time it would be needed. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

THE INTELLECTUAL AND EMOTIONAL LIFE; SAT- 
ISFACTION OF OTHER THAN MATERIAL WANTS. 

" The education of the near future will focus upon the feel- 
ings, sentiments, emotions, and try to do something for the 
heart, out of which are the issues of life. It is this side of our 
nature which represents the human race." — G. Stanley Hall. 

" It is not what we lack that makes us discontented, but 
what others have."— Horace Annesley Vachel. 

The intellectual and emotional life includes the 
exercise of those faculties which distinguish man, and 
the cultivation of which is held to advance what is 
known as civilization. 

The barbarian sees mountain and stream, the ten- 
der green of spring, the rich red of autumn, but he is 
not moved to action by the emotions they excite. 
The holiday crowd in a picture-gallery sees the colors 
and forms on the canvas, but the meaning so clear to 
the art-lover is not for them. 

Great thoughts of great men have power to move 
only those in whom there is an answering vibration. 

If the tendency to wider separation of the extremes 



90 THE COST OF LIVING. 

of society is to be checked, and a more general diffu- 
sion of comfort and aesthetic ideals is to be seen, the 
advance must come from that portion of society which 
we are considering, those to whom the treasures of 
past ages are more valuable than present luxury; to 
whom the possible ideals of the human race are 
dearer than probable wealth for their children. 

When money ceases to be the most valuable pos- 
session, its baleful power will be gone and it will 
become only a means of satisfying the needs of the 
emotional and intellectual nature, instead of minister- 
ing to base passions and ignoble desires. 

The fixed determination to set aside one quarter 
of the income for the satisfaction of the needs of 
man's higher nature, either in the present or in the 
immediate future, would go far toward cutting off the 
arms of the octopus which threatens to squeeze the 
life out of the American republic. 

If only the college, the university, the school, will 
give the right direction to this movement and not 
remain so hypnotized by the past as to neglect the 
present opportunity! 

The intellectual and more refined expressions of 
the emotional nature are those most in need of culti- 
vation in America to-day; a more truly American art 
and literature, more refined living, with more thought 
given to the meaning of life, to the object for which 
all exertion should tend, more thought for the manner 



THE INTELLECTUAL AND EMOTIONAL LIFE. 91 

of accomplishing a given result, less for the money 
value of it. 

For an ideal, any sacrifice is pleasure. For an 
ideal, men will strive and win success, when otherwise 
they will sink into inaction. Ideals, then, men must 
have, and in the division of the income a place must 
be given to them and a portion set apart to minister 
to that side of human nature. 

One great advantage of this recognition is that the 
young couple, whose interests we are considering 
will pause, before buying an ornament, or a picture, 
or a piece of furniture; and will have a chance for 
decision as to the permanent value of the object and 
its meaning to them. Anything purchased with 
thought and care and placed to meet a need of the 
person has a value, even if better taste and wider 
knowledge would have discarded it. 

It is the caterer to these blind instincts who should 
be the object of our wrath, the man who, to make 
money, deliberately manufactures frail articles, flimsy 
imitations, not worth the carrying home. If some 
wave of reform could cover this class of goods and 
remove temptation, an immediate improvement in the 
condition of the masses would be seen. 

To those who should know better, whose college 
education should have (alas, how seldom it has!) 
taught them to know the best, we must appeal to 
spend this part of their income on principle, no 



92 The cost of living. 

matter what the object may be: books, pictures, 
ornaments, church or charity, let it be a conscious 
effort toward a higher and a fuller life, toward what 
we believe may be the highest civilization. 

Entire freedom of choice should rule in this as in 
other departments, only let it be choice and not drift. 
Let it be what we desire with conscious longing and 
not what we happen to see in the possession of others 
that animates our endeavor. 

It is the attitude of mind toward the objects with 
which we surround ourselves, rather than the objects 
themselves, which makes or mars our welfare. For 
this reason, the teaching in the public schools should 
include right ideals of life from the material point of 
view and right notions as to values. A whole genera- 
tion could be elevated with one concerted effort 
through this powerful agency. 

If we read the history of the rocks and seas aright, 
each animal race has risen to a culmination when the 
fcod-supply and general environment became such as 
to permit of it and then has declined and passed 
away. 

The conditions under which the human race are at 
present living lead us to ask most seriously if such is 
to be its fate. There is, however, one difference 
between animals and men. Men have a power of 
choice, of looking into the future, to which reference 
has so many times been made. There is a possibility 



THE INTELLECTUAL AND EMOTIONAL LIFE. 93 

that by this power of conscious choice, of present 
restraint for future good, man may rise to a greater 
height and persist for a longer time. 

" Evolution,*" therefore, seems to be under better 
control in regard to the human race. No longer is 
environment everything, it is now dominated largely 
by intelligence and choice, and this appears the only 
hope that man may escape the fate that has so far 
befallen each dominant species which has left foot- 
prints on the sands of time. . . . This faculty of 
choice may enable us to resist the appetites and in- 
clinations which, although raising us in the animal 
scale, tend to bring us to the brink from which we 
shall fall." 

The feeling of oneness, the altruistic movement so 
evident all over the English-speaking world, is evi- 
dence of the check upon the selfishness of individual 
freedom and that the time has come for a larger race 
development. Therefore this portion of the income 
must have a larger share in the twentieth century 
than in the nineteenth. 

It is true that the same element of conscious choice 
lies in all the other directions of expenditure; never- 
theless this division is made for the purpose of em- 
phasizing and calling attention to the importance of 
recognizing it. Certain it is that selfish gratification 
brings its own punishment even if it is not immediate. 
* " Evolution and Effort," by Edmond Kelly, pp. 270-280. 



94 THE COST OF LIVIiMG. 

One of the moral advantages of the family life is that 
of suppressing this one-sided development. The 
freedom of the individual has its bounds set by the 
good of the race. 

Altruistic instincts, the possibility of giving of 
one's own to others, can only be satisfied when the 
income yields more than enough for bare existence. 

As in nutrition and all other factors of living, there 
is the golden mean if we can only find it. Saving for 
no purpose is niggardly; saving for a possible future 
and pinching in a real present is unwise and unpro- 
gressive; but saving to be independent of charity is 
essential to true manliness of character, and furnishes 
the incentive which keeps two thirds of mankind 
alive. This saving may not be in the form of stocks 
and bonds and a bank-account. It may be in the 
form of valuable works of art, of which the enjoyment 
may be taken as the days fly by; of investment in 
house and furniture, if only that which is truly valu- 
able is chosen, and not that which is sham and flimsy 
in construction or of passing fashion. 

The best investment any family can make is in the 
health and education of the children; in surrounding 
them at the impressionable age with those forms and 
colors and objects which shall lead them to choose 
the best things life has to offer, in making possible 
for them a better life than the parents have had. 

At the same time there is danger that the incen- 



THE INTELLECTUAL AND EMOTIONAL LIFE. 95 

tive to effort will be withdrawn; and one clear fact 
stands out through all ages of organic evolution — 
that through effort alone has progress been made. 

The massing of the population in cities has made 
possible the provision for communistic amusement 
and recreation to an extent somewhat startling to the 
moralist. Each suburban trolley-line has its park or 
lake with vaudeville attractions. The things which 
make for the satisfaction of the aesthetic, the sensu- 
ous, the ethical education or enjoyment of the 
masses, are now provided in nearly all cities by muni- 
cipal appropriation or private benefaction. Parks, 
libraries, picture-galleries, museums, music, baths, 
have all been added to schools, free classes, and 
public lectures. 

The difficulty is to arouse an appreciation of the 
advantages given, to educate the taste of the people 
so that they will use aright the things provided. 

Judged by the amount of money spent, the mass 
of people have far more of what stands to them for 
comfort and the good things of this world than ever 
before, but it is questionable if " health and peace to 
enjoy them " have correspondingly increased. But 
they take both their ordinary life and their pleasure 
in large groups, after the fashion of the primitive 
communities; they follow the crowd; even when the 
income permits wider choice, the attraction of num- 
bers is not lost. 



g6 THE COST OF LIVING. 

" For a large number of men and women who are 
not devoid of taste and who are capable of serious 
thought, the first necessity of life is not to think, but 
to live. The pleasure of looking at a play is one of 
the secondary pleasures; the pleasure of going to it 
one of the primary. . . . The pleasures on which 
they spend the most money are not those which they 
think the highest, but they are certainly the pleasures 
which they practically feel to be the most neces- 
sary."* 

The question confronting us is, shall the same con- 
ditions of receiving the pleasures of life from the 
hands of the state be carried on into the more pros- 
perous families, or is there a good and sufficient 
reason why each family should retain in its own con- 
trol the needs of the intellectual life as well as of the 
animal ? Why is it, indeed, that it is held so essen- 
tial that the unintelligent masses should have certain 
pleasures, even though they may not be able to 
provide them ? Is it not that through them they 
may be roused to greater exertion, to a desire for 
more than it is in the power of the state to give, 
or than it is for the welfare of the citizen that it 
should give ? 

What then is the " something " behind it all ? Is 
it not possession, individual ownership, which in all 

* " The Incongruities of Expenditure," fron Saturday Review, 
in Littell's, June 24, 1899. 



THE INTELLECTUAL AND EMOTIONAL LIFE. 9; 

races marks an advance — mine to do with as I will ? 
Mine if I will work hard enough to get it — mine own 
home, mine to control, to experiment with, mine for 
success or failure ? This individual ownership seems 
to have been the incentive which has led to the 
building up of our civilization; are we to throw it 
away and go back to the communal life of primitive 
peoples ? 

That it is a fundamental race instinct is shown by 
its appearance in the second year of every child's life. 
It is the dawn of the higher intelligence to be followed 
by imagination as to what may be done with the 
things possessed. As soon, therefore, as the family 
income reaches eight hundred dollars a year, if not 
before, the principle of paying for pleasure and edu 
cation and comforts should be made a rule if for no 
other reason than because of the value of necessary 
cultivation of choice, of self-denial in one direction, 
of gratification in another. 

So wide is the range that there is ample oppor- 
tunity for the cultivation of all the faculties possessed 
by man. 

Health of mind depends upon conscious effort just 
as truly as health of body. Children should be 
trained early in this direction, and in their purchases 
be made to feel that objects contribute to the fund 
of mental enjoyment. 

Life-insurance and savings may well come in this 



98 THE COST OF LIVING. 

portion of the income, since they are the means of 
that sense of independence which the race has been 
striving for; only let not the mania for saving go so 
far as to cripple the present life; let that fund grow 
from the unexpected surplus. A nest-egg should be 
always retained if a sense of security and that peace 
of mind which John Locke was thinking of is to be 
continued. 

The spirit of helpfulness toward a less fortunate 
neighbor belongs in this class and has existed in 
various forms, religious, charitable, and just simple 
help which one poor family gives to another. This 
spirit of true altruism exists far more than one who 
has not been brought into contact with it would 
believe. 

A family with troubles enough of its own will help 
a friend to the extent of its last dollar. I am more 
often called upon to advance money to my employes 
to help some other person in distress than for their 
own needs. Nor do I grudge the bicycle to the boy 
who had much better walk, according to my notion ; 
nor even the piano to the girl who should be doing 
housework. It is all a part of the evolution of a love 
of the beautiful and the pleasing, which can be rightly 
cultivated under wise direction. 

I do feel, however, that those who have learned to 
be wise owe it to their less fortunate neighbors to 
give them the means of education, which can best be 



THE INTELLECTUAL AND EMOTIONAL LIFE. 99 

done in the public schools. These buildings should 
be models in form, in color of walls, in decoration, in 
pictures and casts, and copies of these should be 
made available for the homes to which the children 

go- 
Above all, the beauty of cleanliness, the most 
costly of all beauty, should be exemplified in school- 
houses, and the means for attaining it fully shown. 

Each householder has a duty in this respect also 
to the employe under his roof. Space and oppor- 
tunity should be given and requirements made which 
can be carried out in the humbler households which 
they will eventually form. Only no special method 
of personal gratification must be forced ; allow them 
to choose, but guide the choice. The school is, 
however, the agent of the first consequence in exert- 
ing a profound influence upon the homes of the next 
generation. 



CHAPTER IX. 
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD. 

" It is the present duty of the economist to magnify the office 
of the wealth-expender, to accompany her to the very threshold 
of the home, that he may point out with untiring vigilance its 
woful defects, its emptiness caused not so much by lack of in- 
come as by lack of knowledge of how to spend it wisely." — 
Edward Devine. 

"A woman has courage in great things and fails in small 
crises."— Katherine De Forest. 

"The greatest of all obstacles to social progress is lack of 
directive intelligence, of skill in management. " — LUCY M. 
Salmon. 

"Education is no doubt a process both long and toilsome- 
but it is withal a hopeful process and forms the basis of mod- 
ern democracy." — A. F. Weber. 

The great industrial and economic questions of the 
twentieth century centre about household manage- 
ment, and the expenditure of half the income is a 
vast sum to be in the hands of any one class of per- 
sons. Just as soon as the home is raised to its proper 
position and is recognized as a business, its director 
will be required to have knowledge and skill in some 
measure commensurate with the interests at stake. 



THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD. IOI 

The higher purposes of home life must come into 
sight and be the dominating factors unless the present 
civilization is to pass away and to give place to a very 
different order of things. 

Certain it is that if the full effect of the present 
lines of human development is to be seen the wave 
of progress must lift the household out of the slough 
of despond into which it has sunk, and put it upon a 
level with the other elements of progressive civiliza- 
tion. 

Before the ethical development can take place a 
material advance must come. None of the higher 
virtues can thrive in an atmosphere of so much 
wrangle, worry, and disorder as the house-roofs cover 
but do not hide, any more than fine physical bodies 
can be produced by such carelessly prepared food and 
such selfish indulgence of momentary impulses as are 
seen at most tables. 

The maintenance of the household demands money 
for rent, food, and clothes, time and intelligence for 
the decision of how that money shall be spent and in 
what form the goods shall be presented and a spirit 
of unity and helpfulness in all directions to make the 
whole successful. 

If there is a common aim in the life of the group, 
one sufficiently strong to bind them together, the 
small self-denials necessary will not be irksome. 
Each will do his part toward the attainment of this 



102 THE COST OF LIVING. 

common end and not try to make as much work as 
possible for the other members or to frustrate their 
endeavors. 

It is this loss of unity of purpose which has per- 
mitted the family to fall apart and has caused the 
collection of individuals under one roof to assume the 
character of a boarding-house in which each member 
feels at liberty to complain of every other and to 
exact service of every other without giving in return. 

If there is not to be found some ideal which will 
again serve for the binding cord, then we may as well 
take up life in single cells or in huge caravans. 

If women are unwilling to acquire that knowledge 
of scientific and business principles needful for the 
organization of the twentieth-century household, then 
the extension of the apartment house where the men 
do most of the real housekeeping (the janitor, the 
choreman, the elevator-boy) is inevitable, and possi- 
bly, when the woman becomes quite passive, engineers 
will turn their attention from bridges to stairways, 
from tunnels to cellars; the chemists from patent 
medicines to food; the architects will think less of 
mere outside ornament and more of inside arrange- 
ments for useful purposes. 

Then the work of the household will be a knowable 
quantity and can be planned for. The housewife 
now says it cannot be known, that it is the emergen- 
cies, the unexpected, which cannot be counted upon, 



THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD. 103 

but I maintain that the unexpected happens in all 
mundane affairs, and that the most substantial struc- 
ture, the most intricate factory, takes it into account. 
There is no way out except the frank acknowledg- 
ment that the present household is for the most part 
run on an antiquated plan where there is any plan. 

The burning question is, where is the Moses who 
will lead us from this wilderness into the promised 
land where no one shall slave all day that others may 
eat and drink, where those who plan and those who 
execute shall at least understand each other, and 
where the efforts of all shall bring health and joy 
instead of misery and death ? 

Housekeeping no longer means washing dishes, 
scrubbing floors, making soap and candles; it means 
spending a given amount of money for a great variety 
of ready-prepared articles and so using the commodi- 
ties as to produce the greatest satisfaction and the 
best possible mental, moral, and physical results. 
The very variety of choice is a danger unless knowl- 
edge comes with liberty. The ease with which 
money can be spent, and the habits of living for 
to-day which that fact fosters, have taken away the 
incentive to thoughtful foresight and have blinded 
the purse-holders to the inevitable consequences of 
savage-like recklessness. 

The economic changes which took all interesting 
occupations out of the home came too rapidly for a 



104 THE C0ST 0F LIVING. 

readjustment of habits; women were freed too sud- 
denly and have not yet recovered a proper balance. 

It has been said, until it seems not worth saying 
again, that the reason why the routine of daily living 
has become so distasteful is because it consists of 
clearing away debris with no constructive work; that 
there is nothing to show at the end of the day for all 
the labor expended. Consider for a moment the 
work in an ordinary house. Some one rises at half- 
past five or at six, builds a fire if there is no gas-stove, 
and proceeds to "get the breakfast." Other mem- 
bers rise at various times; perhaps the parlor and 
dining-room are dusted and put to rights before 
breakfast, which drags on until nine o'clock; then 
dishes are washed, beds made, sweeping and dusting, 
washing and cleaning and cooking until afternoon ; at 
best it is eight or ten hours before the house is 
presentable, and then comes dinner or supper, as the 
case may be, and more work for dining-room and 
kitchen, and what is there to show for it ? Only 
healthy, happy lives! Fortunate indeed if that is 
the net result; but how often, alas, does disease or 
restless fretfulness reward the workers ! 

In the golden age of household occupation the 
serving maids as well as the mistress had the pleasure 
of seeing piles of snowy linen and wool or stores of 
yarn and candles attest their industry, besides the 
mere food and cleanliness. The pleasure of seeing 



THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD. 105 

the work of their hands was added to the pleasure 
of action. As the farmer has his barn of hay, the 
manufacturer his goods, his money in the till, so they 
had tangible material. 

Not enough account has been taken of this differ- 
ence in result in the discussion of the reasons why 
housework is distasteful in the end of the nineteenth 
century; only those who can appreciate the value of 
cleanliness and who can look upon a swept floor or a 
washed dish as a result worth while, who can feel 
that a meal well digested is of more value than a reel 
of yarn, can come to feel the interest and delight of 
the daily routine. 

It is like the case of the child at school who will 
work harder on that which he is to carry home to 
show than on something which goes into the waste- 
basket. It is only when childish things are put away 
and men can look toward the goal and think abstractly, 
not considering to-day's result, that this element is 
overcome. 

If we could examine into the lives of the house- 
holders we know, I believe we should find that those 
which have contented workers are those in which some 
results remain of the day's work — fruit put up, aprons 
made, new curtains, etc., — and in which the spirit of 
the mistress has made the cleaning of the brasses, the 
washing of the windows a fine action, a sort of 
religion, a step in the conquering of evil, for dirt is 



106 THE COST OF LIVING. 

sin. The households where constant change and dis- 
content rule are those in which this spirit of fighting 
an enemy and laying up stores for the future does 
not exist. Can we spare the educational, nay, the 
ethical value of work done in the house ? 

Not unless we can place our women in the advanced 
class where they may be able to put aside the merely 
childish way of looking at things and see the end to 
be attained as a sufficient incentive. That is why we 
plead for the right education of the housewife; not 
that she shall dust her house, but that she shall know 
how to infuse into the work that interest and en- 
thusiasm which it has lost owing to circumstances 
over which she has no control. What must be her 
aim is the health and happiness of those in her care, 
for happiness means health. 

Dirt means disease, therefore the warfare with dirt 
is incessant. Our wise housekeeper will make this 
fight as surely successful as possible. Instead of 
frankly accepting the situation and furnishing with 
washable material and easily cleansed furniture the 
housewife in a dusty smoky city is in the habit of 
using heavy draperies and deeply carved wood as 
freely as she would if she lived in a clean city. She 
looks upon plush and velvet as fabrics and not as 
catch-alls for dust. It is not business economy to put 
obstacles in the way for the sake of overcoming them. 

No thought of the end, of clean wholesome living 



THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD. IOJ 

to dignify the work, no care for the things one has 
used! A chair mended by one's own hands has far 
more value than one from the shop. The old furni- 
ture of which we are justly so fond bears the essence 
of many loving hours in its grain. 

Human labor, human thought leaves an impress on 
inanimate things. Unless one can put this loving 
touch upon the house, and can breathe into the 
otherwise dry bones this breath of life, one should not 
cross the threshold, but betake one's self to a caravan- 
sary boarding-house where one can grumble to one's 
self or to the boarding mistress who is paid to hear 
it, and not make five or six people suffer for one's 
own ignorance and criminal negligence. 

It is not what we do but what we find pleasure in 
doing that makes or mars our days; hence if some one 
can devise a means of giving to the housewife an 
interest in the daily ordering of her household, that 
one will confer a benefit upon humanity. That was 
what Count Rumford essayed one hundred years ago. 

Women must take their places as organizers and 
superintendents of the economic consumption of 
wealth, for when the household ceased to be a manu- 
facturing centre it became a focus of consumption. 
The factory acquired an economic organization and 
employed not only day-laborers but highly paid 
superintendents. The house in losing its industrial 
importance has degenerated into an unorganized 



108 THE COST OF LIVING. 

dependency, and its detailed care has fallen into 
menial drudgery. 

The later writers on economics are beginning to 
call attention to the misconception exemplified by 
this state of things, and to define the use of money in 
the household as productive consumption, and to 
show that supervision and organization are as valuable 
adjuncts of labor and as worthy of high esteem in this 
as in factory manufacturing. 

Since the object of all endeavor to get wealth is to 
use it, and the use of the most of it is in connection 
with the home life, it is evident that the household 
and its management is the most important factor in 
national prosperity. 

It is due to the blind conservatism of the average 
man that he has left so long the consideration of 
what became of the money he worked so hard to 
gain. Most of the economic theories and statistics 
have dealt with the incomes of the poor man where 
there was little choice, but the real test is with the 
class which corresponds to the plastic middle layer, 
the fermentable mass of humanity, out of which rises 
the cream of society or from which sink the dregs. 
A recent French writer is quoted by Bullock as stat- 
ing that " The human race could increase its welfare 
almost as much by a better ordering of its consump- 
tion as by an increased production of wealth, and this 
without any real retrenchment in consumption." 



THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD. 109 

And this " better ordering " means the wise manage- 
ment of the household, so that the satisfaction of the 
human wants as well as the animal needs shall be as 
complete as possible. 

To obtain this result requires that the superintend- 
ent, the manager, shall be a person with a knowledge 
of the utilities of the various substances used, with a 
standard by which to measure the relative values of 
the commodities to the given family, and the strength 
of character to resist specious temptations to spend 
for that which is only temporarily gratifying and not 
permanently useful. 

In no department of human activity would an 
application of the laws of economic utility be more 
productive of immediate gain than in the conduct of 
the household. 

That the shrewd business man so long neglected 
this most important factor in social progress seems at 
first sight unaccountable, but it has been easier to 
earn than to give; time and thought to wise spending 
of money. That he understands in a measure what 
is needed is seen in the economical management of 
large hotels and of ocean steamers, which give a better 
return for the money expended than does the average 
household of the same class of persons as those who 
patronize them. The single house seems to the 
expert in organization too small an affair upon which 
to expend his energies; for the same effort he can 



110 THE COST OF LIVING. 

supervise the comfort of one thousand persons. 
Hence the tendency to herd together lessens the value 
of the individual home, just as the cheaper production 
of the factory tended to kill the home manufacture. 
Individual establishments are going the same way, 
and only one thing will stop the march of events, and 
that is a belief in the greater value of the single 
family home in the production of men and women, 
and with this belief must come a recognition of the 
importance of the organization and management of 
the affairs of the single household. 

In any manufacturing establishment the cost of pro- 
duction and distribution far outweighs the cost of the 
raw material; the economy of the great industrial com- 
binations is in the administrative departments, just as 
in the economy of the large hotel over the small one. 

If the expenditure in any given family is, for 
example, five thousand dollars a year, fully half this 
sum is due in salary to those who administer the other 
half, who keep the accounts, who study the markets, 
who spend time and strength in keeping informed as 
to the values and aesthetics of the articles purchased, 
and who give time to the carrying out of the plans 
thus formed. 

If the man and woman share alike in the work, 
then twelve hundred dollars apiece should be consid- 
ered a personal share to use upon personal needs and 
upon the higher social and ethical claims. 



THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD. Ill 

In the average family where the income is twenty- 
five hundred dollars, and the man gives no thought 
whatever to the expenditure of the household, then 
twelve hundred dollars should go to the woman to 
spend for these same needs as she chooses, provided 
she can satisfy the family with the rest, and prove an 
efficient manager. 

If this principle of a responsible position were 
recognized as a fundamental one in twentieth-cen- 
tury housekeeping, we should hear no more of the 
interference of women in economic industries; we 
should see instruction in household management 
demanded in order that success might follow, as in 
any other position; and even if a competition arose 
with men who might prefer to keep the management 
in their own hands, it would soon settle itself, for 
most men prefer to earn a thousand dollars by hard 
work to attending to the careful details required to 
save a hundred dollars, while women take kindly 
to the regular systematic oversight which this home 
economics demands, if once they see the value of it. 

Let once the dictum go forth that for every dollar 
spent in the material wants of the household there 
shall be a dollar put into the hands of the manager for 
higher purposes, and a revolution in living would 
result. 

If my readers have had the patience to follow me 
thus far, I am sure they are asking who is to have the 



112 THE COST OF LIVING. 

knowledge and wisdom and time to carry out the 
ideals and keep the family up to these standards. 

Who, indeed, but the woman, the mistress of the 
home, the one who chooses the household as her 
profession, not because she can have no other, not 
because she can in no other way support herself, but 
because she believes in the home as the means of 
educating. and perfecting the ideal human being, the 
flower of the race for which we are all existing; 
because she believes that it is worth while to give her 
energy and skill to the service of her country and 
age. 

The greatest disqualification for this position to-day 
is woman's lack of knowledge of and respect for 
science and the laws of nature. 

Let her once acquire these and she will come into 
her kingdom. Let her once gain perfect control of 
her machinery, feel it yield under her hand, know 
her power, and we shall hear no more of domestic 
difficulties so great as to cause hundreds of house- 
wives to turn their backs on home life and retreat into 
hotels and apartment houses. 

The organizing ability which has won such signal 
success in the engineering world cannot all be con- 
fined to one sex; it has been developed by education, 
by contact with the world. Give women a chance 
to spend as wisely and economically as men have 
learned to manufacture and produce. 



THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD. I13 

Give her an education in the laws which govern the 
processes of daily life, in chemistry, in physics, in 
biology, in mechanics, and then develop her taste in 
art and music as well as in literature. Teach the 
girls in school the principles of form and color and 
certain elementary economics of expenditure. 

The present education of woman is not tending to 
fit her for this higher office of spending wisely the 
money earned by herself or any one else; dense 
ignorance of the fundamental principles of sanitary 
science prevails even among so-called educated 
women, those who should set an example. 

That women have minds capable of grasping busi- 
ness principles is proved by the success of many in 
professional callings; but the majority have yet to 
learn what it means to subordinate the present to 
the future; they have yet to submit to the action of 
law. 

As Mary Tillinghast expresses it: "I find that the 
stumbling-block to women is their unwillingness to 
go to the bottom of things. They shrink from pay- 
ing the price of hard study." 

The gradual displacement of women in various 
salaried positions in government and corporation 
offices is a sure proof of this failure on the part of the 
majority to accept strict business principles. This 
lack in character will not be remedied until education 
is brought to bear and science is made an essential 



114 THE C0ST 0F LIVING. 

part of every woman's training, so that she may- 
acquire a respect for science and for economic law. 

Meanwhile let her serve in the home an apprentice- 
ship which will make the further study easier and 
which will more sensibly advance the welfare of the 
community than any outside work can do. 

Let her not grasp for the reins of business until she 
can master the running of one home. 

That the household is held by popular opinion to 
be a place of menial service and petty, degrading 
duties and not the centre of all social impetus, of high 
and lofty ideals of health and happiness, is proved by 
the scant courtesy which home economics as a branch 
of woman's education receives. That the household 
is not run on economic principles is acknowledged 
by the neglect of it in the study of economics. 

The woman's province is degraded by her own 
connivance, since knowledge is at her disposal and she 
does not avail herself of it. She persists, ostrich- 
like, in ignoring the movements in other departments 
of social life. She should make the home an expres- 
sion of her individuality, but she has none to express. 
Neither will traditional education help her to adapt 
herself to others. Social training in ethical ideals and 
the inculcation of a belief that home-making must be 
the woman's profession for which she requires a power- 
giving knowledge, must become accepted factors in 
the education of every woman, rich or poor. 



THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD. 1 1 5 

The term " managing woman" has been a re- 
proach rather than an epithet to be sought for, but it 
was because the manner of the person rather than 
the management was offensive. 

If the house-mother can so manage the finances of 
the family as to secure the safe rearing of a group of 
children with such refined but strong characters as 
will enable them to become capable, forceful men 
and women, why should she not have all praise ? 

What can pay better for the effort than this manu- 
factory of brain and muscle power, the home ? 

The time has come for a radical change in methods. 
I have no hesitation in saying that no man is justified 
in giving over the housekeeping to a woman because 
she is a woman; that unless he is satisfied that she 
knows how to use money, or that she can learn, he 
should keep the accounts and pay the bills himself. 

As I see the situation, the most pressing needs of 
to-day are: 

1st. A knowledge of what it is essential to keep 
in the home. Must bread be made in the house ? 
must the laundry work be retained ? 

2d. A knowledge of how much time is required to 
perform the various services demanded, with, of 
course, a certain allowance for the unexpected. How 
many rooms can a chambermaid put in order in an 
hour ? This depends upon a comprehension of eco- 
nomic use of human power. 



Il6 THE COST OF LIVING. 

3d. A knowledge of the relative values of the 
goods consumed in the house and of the services 
demanded in causing this consumption. 

If service must be economized, then the trifles on 
the bureau, the carved ornaments on the mantel-shelf 
must be put away in order to save the time of dust- 
ing. One course at meals must be sacrificed rather 
than the temper of the whole family be tried past 
endurance in the vain endeavor to make one pair of 
hands do the work of two. 

4th. A comprehension of the inexorable laws of 
power and energy when the maid is required to 
answer the bell or the telephone once in five minutes, 
and go over two flights of stairs to do it; it often 
involves the same expenditure of energy as if she were 
required to climb rapidly a monument 2400 feet high. 

There is still too much of the element of slavery in 
the work of the house, a disregard for the mechanical 
efficiency of the human machine. 

I do not in the least blame young women for going 
into the factories, where their work is measured by 
law and not caprice. 

5th. An acceptance of the fact that woman cannot 
emancipate herself from nature's laws, that she must 
inform herself in regard to them and accept their 
bondage, making for herself within limits a world of 
freedom, lies at the bottom of all household reform. 

I am aware that some one will say, " But all the 



THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD. II7 

poetry of life is destroyed by the insistence upon a 
cut-and-dried plan, and life will not be worth living 
if each day and hour must be accounted for." True, 
if the plan is allowed to show through its covering. 
A skeleton, unclothed, is not a thing of beauty, but 
does not detract from the grace and charm of the 
perfect body to which it is essential. 

In the same way the skeleton of purpose and prin- 
ciple must underlie and define the well-ordered and 
truly delightful household life. Saving for its own 
sake is niggardly and hardening to the soul. Saving 
for a high and noble purpose raises the art to the 
level of heroic endeavor. 

So much depends upon the point of view. The 
casual observer delights in the hectic bloom of the 
young consumptive, but the physician sees beyond 
the fair cheek to the deadly cause beneath and has 
no joy in the sight. The apparent freedom from 
care and tyranny of custom shown to a chance 
visitor by many a household conceals the canker of 
debt and disgrace which is sure, sooner or later, to be 
revealed. 

The present disorganized condition of the house- 
hold is only a phase which may pass as quickly as it 
has arisen. One generation has seen it develop, 
another may see it a matter of history. Men have 
been too busy subduing the obvious obstacles of 
nature to look under the surface of their daily life, 



Il8 THE COST OF LIVING. 

but the very fact that the problem of living is begin- 
ning to press home will stimulate them to the applica- 
tion of those scientific principles which have spanned 
continents, controlled rivers, and tunnelled mountains 
to the building of houses that may be lived in safely 
and economically. The art which has given fine 
churches and museums will decorate and beautify the 
homes. The outlook is full of hope and not of 
despair. The only need is knowledge (science) of 
what the demands are and a determination to meet 
them. The love of conquering obstacles has not 
died out of the Anglo-Saxon race. 

The twentieth-century household demands of its 
managers, first of all, a scientific understanding of the 
sanitary requirements of a human habitation; second, 
a knowledge of the values, absolute and relative, of 
the various articles which are used in the house, in- 
cluding food; third, a system of account-keeping that 
shall make possible a close watch upon expenses; 
fourth, an ability to secure from others the best they 
have to give, and to maintain a high standard of 
honest work. 

If the housewife cannot and will not apply herself 
to the problem, let her not stand longer in the way 
of progress as she is surely doing to-day. 



INDEX. 



PAGES 

Accounts, keeping of 3 6 , 37, 53 

Apartment house 56. 102 

Attitude of mind 9 2 

toward food 74 

Budgets, actual 33, 34 

, suggested • 37 

Choice, power of 92, 93, 97. 99 

Clothing • 82 ~ 88 

Cost of existence 3 

living 29, 32, 41, 60, 65, 66, 72, 85 

Death-rate ? 7' 7° 

Disease ig6 

, resistance to 22 > ° 2 

Diseases of modern life 67 

Economic conditions XI » x 4, 69, 71 

consumption IO ° 

Economics 3, 108, 114 

, household 20, 79, in 

of expenditure XI 3 

Economy of combination IIQ 

labor 43, "5 

the home ■ • 2 

time • 2,28 

119 



120 INDEX. 

PAGES 

Education 6, 13, 14, 15, 19,23, 38,42, 69,89,91,94,98,99, 

100, 106, 112, 113, 114 

Emotional life 89, 90 

Engel's laws ■ 33, 34. 35 

Expenses 28, 30 

, household 50-64, 69, 100, ioi, 103 

, readjustment of 14, 55, 56 

Family, cost of 10 

, purpose of , 6, 8 

, table 71, 72, 73 

Food 35, 65-81 

, attitude of mind toward 74 

cost per day 77 

tables 81 

, waste of 75 

Fuel 50, 52, 63, 64 

Health 20, 25, 68, 97 

Home 6 

, definition of ... 5, 13, 15, 44, 71, 115 

, economical management of 31 

, estimation of 12, 23, 71 

life 9, 10, 114 

House, cost of 44 

furnishing 47 

, office of 6,47 

rent 39, 45, 4 8 , 54, 61 

, sanitary requirements of 49~54 

Household expenditure 28, 34, 36, 50, 57, 69 

management 53, 108, 109, in, 118 

organization 14, 100 

reform 116 

service 59, 60 

twentieth-century 11S 

Ideals 4, 8, 13, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 44, 4S, 69, 91, 102, 112 



INDEX. 121 

PAGES 

Ideals, sanitary IX , 2 7 

Income, amount of 29, 30, 31, 39 

, division of 45, 57, 58, 61, 86, 90, 100 

Intellectual life 89-99 

Operating expenses 4<HH 

Organization of the household 100-118 

Ownership 9 6 . 97 

Sanitary conditions 4 2 > 54, °4 

science 16, 25, 27, 58, 81, 85,113 

Schools 5, 7, 3, 13, 84, 90, 92, 97, 99 

Science for women 112-113 

Standards 5, "', 21, 32, 36 

of living 17, 19, 20, 24 26, 39, 52, 57, 68 

of health 80 

Wages 58, 59. 6l > 75 

Waste • 35, 7<>, 75 



SHORT-TITLE CATALOGUE 

OF THE 

PUBLICATIONS 

OF 

JOHN WILEY & SONS, 

New York. 
London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited. 



ARRANGED UNDER SUBJECTS. 



Descriptive circulars sent on application. 

Books marked with an asterisk are sold at net prices only. 

All books are bound in cloth unless otherwise stated. 



AGRICULTURE. 

Cattle Feeding— Dairy Practice — Diseases of Animals — 
Gardening, Etc. 

Armsby's Manual of Cattle Feeding 12mo, $1 75 

Downing's Fruit aud Fruit Trees 8vo, 5 00 

Grotenfelt's The Principles of Modern Dairy Practice. (Woll.) 

12mo, 2 00 

Kemp's Landscape Gardening 12mo, 2 50 

Loudon's Gardening for Ladies. (Downing.) 12mo, 1 50 

Mayuard's Landscape Gardening 12mo, 1 50 

Steel's Treatise on the Diseases of the Dog 8vo, 3 50 

" Treatise on the Diseases of the Ox 8vo, 6 00 

Stockbridge's Rocks and Soils .8vo, 2 50 

Woll's Handbook for Farmers and Dairymen 12mo, 1 50 

ARCHITECTURE. 

Building — Carpentry— Stairs— Ventilation — Law, Etc. 

Berg's Buildings and Structures of American Railroads 4to, 7 50 

Birkmire's American Theatres— Planning and Construction. 8vo, 3 00 

" Architectural Iron and Steel 8vo, 3 50 

" Compound Riveted Girders 8vo, 2 00 

rt Skeleton Construction in Buildings 8vo, 3 00 

1 



Birkmire's Planning and Construction of High Office Buildings. 

8vo, 

Carpenter's Heating and Ventilating of Buildings 8vo, 

Freitag's Architectural Engineering 8vo, 

Gerhard's Sanitary House Inspection 16mo, 

" Theatre Fires and Panics 12mo, 

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Holly's Carpenter and Joiner 18mo, 

Kidder's Architect and Builder's Pocket-book. . . 16mo, morocco, 

Merrill's Stones for Building and Decoration 8vo, 

Monckton's Stair Building — Wood, Iron, and Stone 4to, 

Wait's Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence 8vo, 

Sheep, 
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including Atkinson's Suggestions for Hospital Archi- 
tecture 12ino, 

World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 Large 4to, 

ARMY, NAVY, Etc. 

Military Engineering— Ordnance — Law, Etc. 

Bourne's Screw Propellers 4to, 

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Chase's Screw Propellers 8vo, 

Cooke's Naval Ordnance 8vo, 

Cronkhite's Gunnery for Non-com. Officers 32mo, morocco, 

* Davis's Treatise on Military Law 8vo, 

Sheep, 

* " Elements of Law 8vo, 

De Brack's Cavalry Outpost Duties. (Carr.). . . .32ino, morocco, 
Dietz's Soldier's First Aid 16mo, morocco, 

* Dredge's Modern French Artillery Large 4to, half morocco, 

" Record of the Transportation Exhibits Building, 

World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.. 4to, half morocco, 

Durand's Resistance and Propulsion of Ships 8vo, 

Dyer's Light Artillery 12mo, 

Hoff's Naval Tactics 8vo, 

*Ingalls's Ballistic Tables 8vo, 

" Handbook of Problems in Direct Fire 8vo, 



13 50 


3 00 


2 50 


1 00 


1 50 


5 00 


75 


4 00 


5 00 


4 00 


6 00 


6 50 


1 25 


2 50 



5 00 


6 00 


3 00 


12 50 


2 00 


7 00 


7 50 


2 50 


2 00 


1 25 


15 00 


10 00 


5 00 


3 00 


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1 50 


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5 00 


1 50 


10 


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3 50 


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2 50 


1 50 


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Mahau's Permanent Fortifications. (Mercur.).8vo, half morocco, 
Mercur's Attack of Fortified Places. . , 12mo, 

" Elements of the Art of War 8vo, 

Metcalfe's Ordnance ami Gunnery 12mo, with Atlas, 

Murray's A Manual for Courts-Martial . lGmo, morocco, 

Infantry Drill Regulations adapted to the Springfield 

Rifle, Caliber .45 32mo, paper, 

* k Phelps's Practical Marine Surveying 8vo, 

Powell's Army Officer's Examiner 12mo, 

Sliarpe's Subsisting Armies 32mo, morocco, 

Very's Navies of the World 8vo, half morocco, 

Wheeler's Siege Operations 8vo, 

Wiuthrop's Abridgment of Military Law 12mo, 

Woodhull's Notes on Military Hygiene lGmo, 

Young's Simple Elements of Navigation. 16mo, morocco, 

" " " " " first edition 

ASSAYING. 

Smelting — Ore Dressing — Alloys, Etc. 

Fletcher's Quant. Assaying with the Blowpipe.. 16mo, morocco, 1 50 

Furman's Practical Assaying 8vo, 3 00 

Kunhardt's Ore Dressing 8vo, 1 50 

O'Driscoll's Treatment of Gold Ores 8vo, 2 CO 

Ricketts and Miller's Notes on Assaying 8vo, 3 00 

Thurston's Alloys, Brasses, and Bronzes 8vo, 2 50 

Wilson's Cyanide Processes 12mo, 1 50 

" The Chlorination Process 12mo, 150 

ASTRONOMY. 

Practical, Theoretical, and Descriptive. 

Craig's Azimuth 4to, 3 50 

Doolittle's Practical Astronomy 8vo, 4 00 

Gore's Elements of Geodesy 8vo, 2 50 

Hay ford's Text-book of Geodetic Astronomy 8vo. 3 00 

* Michie and Harlow's Practical Astronomy 8vo, 3 00 

* White's Theoretical and Descriptive Astronomy 12mo, 2 00 



BOTANY. 

Gardening for Ladies, Etc. 

Baldwins Orchids of New England Small 8vo, $1 50 

Loudon's Gardening for Ladies. (Downing.) 12mo, 1 50 

Thome's Structural Botany 16mo, 2 25 

Westermaier's General Botany. (Schneider.) 8vo, 2 00 

BRIDGES, ROOFS, Etc 

Cantilever — Draw — Highway — Suspension. 

(See also Engineering, p. 7.) 

Boiler's Highway Bridges 8vo, 2 00 

* " The Thames River Bridge 4to, paper, 5 00 

Burr's Stresses- in Bridges. 8vo, 3 50 

Crehore's Mechanics of the Girder 8vo, 5 00 

Dredge's Thames Bridges 7 parts, per part, 1 25 

Du Bois's Stresses in Framed Structures Small 4to, 10 00 

Foster's Wooden Trestle Bridges 4to, 5 00 

Greene's Arches in Wood, etc 8vo, 2 50 

Bridge Trusses 8vo, 2 50 

Roof Trusses 8vo, 125 

Howe's Treatise on Arches 8vo, 4 00 

Johnson's Modern Framed Structures Small 4to, 10 00 

Merriman & Jacoby's Text-book of Roofs and Bridges. 

Part I., Stresses 8vo, 2 50 

Merriman & Jacoby's Text-book of Roofs and Bridges. 

Part II., Graphic Statics 8vo, 2 50 

Merriman & Jacoby's Text-book of Roofs and Bridges. 

Part III., Bridge'Design Svo, 2 50 

Merriman & Jacoby's Text-book of Roofs and Bridges. 

Part IV., Continuous, Draw, Cantilever, Suspension, and 

Arched Bridges Svo, 

* Morisou's The Memphis Bridge Oblong 4to, 

Waddell's Iron Highway Bridges 8vo, 

" De Pontibus (a Pocket-book for Bridge Engineers). 

16mo, morocco, 

Wood's Construction of Bridges and Roofs 8vo, 

Wright's Designing of Draw Spans. Parts I. and II..8vo, each 

« n ♦< ii « Complete 8vo, 

4 



2 50 


00 


4 00 


3 00 


2 00 


2 50 


3 50 



CHEMISTRY. 

Qualitative — Quantitative— Organic — Inorganic, Etc. 

Adriauce's Laboratory Calculations 12mo, $1 25 

Allen's Tables for Iron Analysis 8vo, 3 00 

Austen's Notes for Chemical Students 12mo, 1 50 

Bolton's Student's Guide in Quantitative Analysis. ... .8vo, 1 50 

Classen's Analysis by Electrolysis. (Herrickand Boltwood.).8vo, 3 00 

Crafts's Qualitative Analysis. (Scbaeffer.) 12mo, 1 50 

Drecbsel's Chemical Reactions. (Merrill.) 12mo, 1 25 

Fresenius's Quantitative Chemical Analysis. (Allen.) 8vo, 6 00 

" Qualitative " " (Johnson.) 8vo, 3 00 

(Wells.) Trans. 

16th German Edition 8vo, 5 00 

Fuertes's Water and Public Health , 12mo, 1 50 

Gill's Gas and Fuel Analysis 12mo, 1 25 

Hammarsten's Physiological Chemistry. (Maudel.) 8vo, 4 00 

Helm's Principles of Mathematical Chemistry. (Morgan). 12mo, 1 50 

Kolbe's Inorganic Chemistry 12mo, 1 50 

Ladd's Quantitative Chemical Analysis 12mo, 1 00 

Landauer's Spectrum Analysis. (Tingle.) 8vo, 3 00 

Lob's Electrolysis and Electrosyn thesis of Organic Compounds. 

(Lorenz.) 12mo, 1 00 

Mandel's Bio-chemical Laboratory 12mo, 1 50 

Mason's Water-supply . 8vo, 5 00 

" Examination of Water 12mo, 125 

Meyer's Organic Analysis. (Tingle.) {In the press.) 

Miller's Chemical Physics 8vo, 2 00 

Mixter's Elementary Text-book of Chemistry , 12mo, 1 50 

Morgan's The Theory of Solutions and its Results 12mo, 1 00 

" Elements of Physical Chemistry 12mo, 2 00 

Nichols's Water-supply (Chemical and Sanitary) 8vo, 2 50 

O'Brine's Laboratory Guide to Chemical Analysis 8vo, 2 00 

Perkins's Qualitative Analysis 12mo, 1 00 

Pinner's Organic Chemistry. (Austen.) 12mo, 1 50 

Poole's Calorific Power of Fuels 8vo, 3 00 

Ricketts and Russell's Notes on Inorganic Chemistry (Non- 
metallic) Oblong 8vo, morocco, 75 

Ruddiman's Incompatibilities in Prescriptions ,8vo, 2 00 

5 



$2 50 


2 00 


3 00 


2 50 


1 50 


1 50 


1 50 


3 50 


3 00 


2 50 


2 00 



Sehimpf's Volumetric Analysis 12mo 

Spencer's Sugar Manufacturer's Handbook 16mo, morocco, 

Handbook for Chemists of Beet Sugar Houses. 

16mo, morocco, 

Stockbridge's Rocks and Soils 8vo, 

Tillman's Descriptive General Chemistry. (In the press.) 
Van Deventer's Physical Chemistry for Beginners. (Boltwood.) 

12mo, 

Wells's Inorganic Qualitative Analysis 12mo, 

Laboratory Guide in Qualitative Chemical Analysis. 

8vo, 

Whipple's Microscopy of Drinking-water 8vo, 

Wiechmann's Chemical Lecture Notes 12mo, 

Sugar Analysis Small 8vo, 

Wulling's Inorganic Phar. and Med. Chemistry 12mo, 



DRAWING. 

Elementary— Geometrical— Mechanical— Topographical. 

Hill's Shades and Shadows and Perspective 8vo, 2 00 

MacCord's Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 3 00 

Kinematics 8vo, 5 00 

Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 4 00 

Mahan's Industrial Drawing. (Thompson.) 2 vols., 8vo, 3 50 

Reed's Topographical Drawing. (H. A.) 4to, 5 00 

Reid's A Course in Mechanical Drawing 8vo. 2 00 

" Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design. 
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Smith's Topographical Drawing. (Macmilhin.) 8vo, 2 50 

Warren's Descriptive Geometry 2 vols., 8vo, 3 50 

" Drafting Instruments 12mo, 1 25 

Free-hand Drawing 12mo, 1 00 

" Linear Perspective 12mo, 1 00 

" Machine Construction 2 vols., 8vo, 7 50 

" Plane Problems 12mo, 125 

Primary Geometry 12mo, 75 

Problems and Theorems 8vo, 2 50 

Projection Drawing 12mo, 1 50 

6 



Warren's Shades and Shadows 8vo, $3 00 

" Stereotomy— Stone cutting 8vo, 2 50 

Whelpley's Letter Engraving 12mo, 2 00 

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. 

Illumination— Batteries— Physics— Railways. 

Anthony and Brackett's Text- book of Physics. (Magie.) Small 

8vo, 3 00 

Anthony's Theory of Electrical Measurements 12mo, 1 00 

Barker's Deep-sea Soundings 8vo, 2 00 

Benjamin's Voltaic Cell 8vo, 3 00 

History of Electricity 8vo, 3 00 

Classen's Analysis by Electrolysis. (Herrick and Boltwood.) 8vo, 3 00 

Cosmic Law of Thermal Repulsion : 12mo, 75 

Crehore and Squier's Experiments with a New Polarizing Photo- 
Chronograph 8vo, 3 00 

Dawson's Electric Railways and Tramways. Small, 4to, half 

morocco, 12 50 

* Dredge's Electric Illuminations. . . .2 vols., 4to, half morocco, 25 00 

Vol. II 4to, 7 50 

Gilbert's De magnete. (Mottelay.) 8vo, 2 50 

Holman's Precision of Measurements 8vo, 2 00 

" Telescope-mirror-scale Method Large 8vo, 75 

Lob's Electrolysis and Electrosynthesis of Organic Compounds. 

(Lorenz.) • 12mo, 1 0C 

*Michie's Wave Motion Relating to Sound and Light, 8vo, 4 00 

Morgan's The Theory of Solutions and its Results 12mo, 1 00 

Niaudet's Electric Batteries. (Fishback.) .12mo, 2 50 

Pratt and Alden's Street-railway Road-beds 8vo, 2 00 

Reagan's Steam and Electric Locomotives 12rao, 2 00 

Thurston's Stationary Steam Engines for Electric Lighting Pur- 
poses 8vo, 2 50 

*Tillman's Heat. 8vo, 1 50 

7 



ENGINEERING. 

Civil — Mechanical— Sanitary, Etc. 

(See a&o Bridges, p. 4 ; Hydraulics, p. 9 ; Materials of En- 
gineering, p. 10; Mechanics and Machinery, p. 12 ; Steam 
Engines and Boilers, p. 14.) 

Baker's Masonry Construction 8vo, $5 00 

" Surveying Instruments 12mo, 3 00 

Black's U. S. Public Works Oblong 4to, 5 00 

Brooks's Street-railway Location , 16mo, morocco, 1 50 

Butts's Civil Engineers' Field Book 16mo, morocco, 2 50 

Byrne's Highway Construction 8vo, 5 00 

" Inspection of Materials and Workmanship 16mo, 3 00 

Carpenter's Experimental Engineering 8vo, 6 00 

Church's Mechanics of Engineering — Solids and Fluids 8vo, 6 00 

" Notes and Examples in Mechanics 8vo, 2 00 

Crandall's Earthwork Tables , 8vo, 1 50 

' • The Transition Curve 16mo, morocco, 1 50 

* Dredge's Penn. Railroad Construction, etc. Large 4to, 

half morocco, 20 00 

* Drinker's Tunnelling 4to, half morocco, 25 00 

Eissler's Explosives — Nitroglycerine and Dynamite 8vo, 4 00 

Folwell's Sewerage 8vo, 3 00 

Fowler's Coffer-dam Process for Piers .8vo. 2 50 

Gerhard's Sanitary House Inspection 12mo, 1 00 

Godwin's Railroad Engineer's Field-book 16mo, morocco, 2 50 

Gore's Elements of Geodesy 8vo, 2 50 

Howard's Transition Curve Field-book 16mo, morocco, 1 50 

Howe's Retaining Walls (New Edition.) 12mo, 1 25 

Hudson's Excavation Tables. Vol. II , 8vo, 1 00 

Hutton's Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants 8vo, 5 00 

Johnson's Materials of Construction Large 8vo, 6 00 

Stadia Reduction Diagram. .Sheet, 22£ X 28£ inches, 50 

" Theory and Practice of Surveying Small 8vo, 4 00 

Kent's Mechanical Engineer's Pocket-book 16mo, morocco, 5 00 

Kiersted's Sewage Disposal 12mo, 1 25 

Mahan's Civil Engineering. (Wood.) 8vo, 5 00 

Merriman and Brook's Handbook for Surveyors. . . .16mo, mor., 2 00 

Merriman's Geodetic Surveying 8vo, 2 00 

" Retaining Walls and Masonry Dams 8vo, 2 00 

" Sanitary Engineering 8vo, 2 00 

Nagle's Manual for Railroad Engineers 16mo, morocco, 3 00 

Ogden's Sewer Design 12mo, 2 00 

Patton's Civil Engineering ,8vo, half morocco, 7 50 

8 



Patten's Foundations 8vo ^ QQ 

Pratt and Alden's Street-railway Road-beds " ' .'gvo' ' 2 00 

Rockwell's Roads and Pavements in France. " ' io mo ' t 25 

Searles's Field Engineering 16mo / ' momcco [ 3 0Q 

■ Railroad Spiral 16mo> morocc0t t 50 

feiebert and Biggin's Modern Stone Cutting and Masonry. . .8vo 1 50 

Smart's Engineering Laboratory Practice 12mo' 2 50 

Smith's Wire Manufacture and Uses. Small 4to' 3 00 

Spalding's Roads and Pavements 12mo ' 2 00 

rr 1". TD H ^ U i ]icCemeu t "".V.'.'.'.'.W 2 00 

Taylor s Prismoidal Formulas and Earthwork 8vo 1 50 

Thurston's Materials of Construction, ' ' " * 8vo ' 5 00 

* Trautwine's Civil Engineer's Pocket-book. . . . 16mo, morocco,' 5 00 

Cross-section g beet | 25 

Excavations and Embankments.. 8vo,' 2 00 

* " Laying Out Curves l2mo, morocco,' 2 50 

Waddell's De Pontibus (A Pocket-book for Bridge Engineers). 

16mo, morocco, 3 00 

Wait s Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence 8vo, 6 00 

Sheep, 6 50 

Law of Field Operation in Engineering, etc 8vo. 

Warren's Stereotomy— Stone-cutting 3 V0 ' 2 50 

•Webb's Engineering Instruments 16mo,' morocco^ 50 

Kew Edition 1 2 5 

Wegmann's Construction of Masonry Dams 4 to 5 00 

Wellington's Location of Railways. ., . ', Small 8vo' 5 00 

Wheeler's Civil Engineering 8vo> ' 4 00 

Wolff's Windmill as a Prime Mover 8vo' 3 00 



HYDRAULICS. 

Water-wheels— Windmills— Service Pipe— Drainage, Etc. 

(See also Engineering, p. 7. ) 

Bazin's Experiments upon the Contraction of the Liquid Vein 

(Trautwiue.) 8vo 

Bovey's Treatise on Hydraulics 8vo ' 

Coffin's Graphical Solution of Hydraulic Problems.. . .12mo' 
Ferrel's Treatise on the Winds, Cyclones, and Tornadoes. . .Svo,' 

Fuertes's Water and Public Health 12mo' 

Ganguillet & Kulter's Flow of Water. (He'ring & Trautwi„ e ) 

8vo, 

Hazen's Filtration of Public Water Supply. 8vo, 

Herschel's 115 Experiments '*'.'.'.'.' ,8vo 

9 



2 00 


4 00 


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4 00 


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4 00 


2 00 


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Kiersted's Sewage Disposal l2mo, $1 25 

Mason's Water Supply 8vo, 5 00 

" Examination of Water 12mo, 125 

Merriman's Treatise on Hydraulics 8vo, 4 00 

Nichois's Water Supply (Chemical and Sanitary) 8vo, 2 50 

Wegmann's Water Supply of the City of New York . . . 4to, 10 00 

Weisbach's Hydraulics. (Du Bois.) 8vo, 5 00 

Whipple's Microscopy of Drinking Water 8vo, 3 50 

Wilson's Irrigation Engineering 8vo, 4 00 

Hydraulic and Placer Mining 12mo, 2 00 

Wolff's Windmill as a Prime Mover 8vo, 3 00 

Wood's Theory of Turbines 8vo, 2 50 

MANUFACTURES. 

Boilers— Explosives— Iron— Steel— Sugar — Woollens, Etc. 

Allen's Tables for Iron Analysis 8vo, 3 00 

Beaumont's Woollen and Worsted Manufacture 12mo, 1 50 

Bolland's Encyclopaedia of Founding Terms 12mo, 3 00 

The Iron Founder 12mo, 2 50 

" ,( " " Supplement 12mo, 2 50 

Bouvier's Handbook on Oil Painting 12mo, 2 00 

Eissler's Explosives, Nitroglycerine and Dynamite 8vo, 4 00 

Fodr's Boiler Making for Boiler Makers 18mo, 1 00 

Metcalfe's Cost of Manufactures 8vo, 5 00 

Metcalf 's Steel— A Manual for Steel Users 12mo, 2 00 

* Reisig's Guide to Piece Dyeing 8vo, 25 00 

Spencer's Sugar Manufacturer's Handbook . . . .16mo, morocco, 2 00 
" Handbook for Chemists of Beet Sugar Houses. 

16mo, morocco, 3 00 

Thurston's Manual of Steam Boilers 8vo, 5 00 

Walke's Lectures on Explosives 8vo, 4 00 

West's American Foundry Practice 12mo, 2 50 

" Moulder's Text-book '. 12mo, 2 50 

Wiechmaun's Sugar Aualysis Small 8vo, 2 50 

Woodbury's Fire Protection of Mills 8vo, 2 50 

MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING. 

Strength — Elasticity — Resistance, Etc. 
{See also Engineering, p. 7.) 

Baker's Masonry Construction 8vo, 5 00 

Beardslee and Kent's Strength of Wrought Irou 8vo, 1 50 

Bovey's Strength of Materials 8vo, 7 50 

Burr's Elasticity and Resistance of Materials 8vo, 5 00 

Byrne's Highway Construction 8vo, 5 00 

10 



$6 00 


10 00 


6 00 


7 50 


5 00 


4 00 


1 00 


5 00 


1 25 


2 00 


5 00 


8 00 


2 00 


3 50 


2 50 


2 00 



Church's Mechauics of Engineering — Solids and Fluids 8vo, 

Du Bois's Stresses in Framed Structures Small 4to, 

Johnson's Materials of Construction 8vo, 

Lanza's Applied Mechanics 8vo, 

Marleus's Materials. (Henning. ) 8vo. (In the press.) 

Merrill's Stones for Building and Decoration 8vo, 

Merriman's Mechanics of Materials 8vo, 

" Strength of Materials 12mo, 

Patton's Treatise on Foundations 8vo, 

Rockwell's Roads and Pavements in France 12mo, 

Spalding's Roads and Pavements 12mo, 

Thurston's Materials of Construction 8vo, 

Materials of Engineering 3 vols., 8vo, 

Vol. I., Non-metallic 8vo, 

Vol. II., Iron and Steel 8vo, 

Vol. III., Alloys, Brasses, and Bronzes 8vo, 

Wood's Resistance of Materials 8vo, 

MATHEMATICS. 

Calculus— Geometry— Trigonometry, Etc. 

Baker's Elliptic Functions 8vo, 

Ballard's Pyramid Problem 8vo, 

Barnard's Pyramid Problem 8vo, 

*Bass's Differential Calculus 12mo, 

Briggs's Plane Analytical Geometry 12mo, 

Chapman's Theory of Equations 12mo, 

Compton's Logarithmic Computations 12mo, 

Davis's Introduction to the Logic of Algebra 8^o, 

Halsted's Elements of Geometry t ..8vo, 

" Synthetic Geometry 8vo, 

Johnson's Curve Tracing 12mo, 

Differential Equations— Ordinary and Partial. 

Small 8vo, 

" Integral Calculus 12mo, 

Unabridged. Small 8vo. 

(In the press.) 

" Least Squares 12mo, 

*Ludlow's Logarithmic and Other Tables. (Bass.) 8vo, 

* " Trigonometry with Tables. (Bass.) 3vo, 

*Mahan's Descriptive Geometry (Stone Cutting) 8vo, 

Merriman and Woodward's Higher Mathematics 8vc . 

Merriman's Method of Least Squares 8vo, 

Parker's Quadrature of the Circle , 8vo, 2 50 

Rice and Johnson's Differential and Integral Calculus, 

2 vols, in 1, small 8vo, '<. 50 
11 



1 50 


1 50 


1 50 


4 00 


1 00 


1 50 


1 50 


1 50 


1 75 


1 50 


1 00 


3 50 


1 50 


1 50 


2 00 


3 00 


1 50 


5 00 


2 00 



Rice and Johnson's Differential Calculus Small 8vo, $3 00 

" Abridgment of Differential Calculus. 

Small 8vo, 1 50 

Totten's Metrology 8vo, 2 50 

Warren's Descriptive Geometry 2 vols., 8vo, 3 50 

" Drafting Instruments 12mo, 125 

" Free-hand Drawing 12mo, 100 

" Higher Linear Perspective 8vo, 3 50 

" Linear Perspective 12mo, 1 00 

" Primary Geometry 12mo, 75 

Plane Problems .12mo, 125 

" Problems and Theorems 8vo, 2 50 

" Projection Drawing 12mo, 1 50 

Wood's Co-ordinate Geometry 8vo, 2 00 

Trigonometry 12mo, 1 00 

Woolf's Descriptive Geometry Large 8vo, 3 00 

MECHANICS-MACHINERY. 

Text-books and Practical Works. 
(See also Engineering, p. 7.) 

Baldwin's Steam Heating for Buildings 12mo, 

Benjamin's Wrinkles and Recipes 12mo, 

Chord al's Letters to Mechanics 12mo, 

Church's Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 

" Notes and Examples in Mechanics 8vo, 

Crehore's Mechanics of the Girder 8vo, 

Cromwell's Belts and Pulleys 12mo, 

" Toothed Gearing 12mo, 

Compton's First Lessons in Metal Working 12mo, 

Comptou and De Groodt's Speed Lathe 12mo, 

Dana's Elementary Mechanics 12mo, 

Dingey's Machinery Pattern Making 12mo, 

Dredge's Trans. Exhibits Building, World Exposition. 

Large 4to, half morocco, 

Du Bois's Mechanics. Vol. I., Kinematics 8vo, 

Vol. II., Statics 8vo, 

" " Vol. III., Kinetics 8vo, 

Fitzgerald's Boston Machinist 18mo, 

Flather's Dynamometers 12mo, 

" Rope Driving 12mo, 

Hall's Car Lubrication 12mo, 

Holly's Saw Filing 1 8mo, 75 

Johnson's Theoretical Mechanics. An Elementary Treatise 
(In the press. ) 

Jones's Machine Design. Part I., Kinematics. . . . . . . „ 8vo, 1 50 

12 



2 50 


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2 00 


6 00 


2 00 


5 00 


1 50 


1 50 


1 50 


1 50 


1 50 


2 00 


10 00 


3 50 


4 00 


3 50 


1 00 


2 00 


2 00 


1 00 



Jones's Machine Design. Part II., Strength and Proportion of 

Machine Parts 8vo, $3 00 

. Lanza's Applied Mechanics 8vo, 7 50 

MacCord's Kinematics 8vo, 5 00 

Merriman's Mechanics of Materials 8vo, 4 00 

Metcalfe's Cost of Manufactures 8vo, 5 00 

*Michie's Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 4 00 

Richards's Compressed Air 12mo, 1 50 

Robinson's Principles of Mechanism 8vo, 3 00 

Smith's Press-working of Metals 8vo, J> 00 

Thurston's Friction and Lost Work 8vo, 3 00 

The Animal as a Machine , 12mo, 1 00 

Warren's Machine Construction 2 vols. , 8 vo, 7 50 

Weisbach's Hydraulics and Hydraulic Motors. (Du Bois.)..8vo, 5 00 
Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. III., Part I., 

Sec. I. (Klein.) 8vo, 5 00 

Weisbach's Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. III., Part I., 

Sec. II. (Klein.) 8vo, 5 00 

Weisbach's Steam Engines. (Du Bois.) 8vo, 5 00 

Wood's Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 3 00 

" Elementary Mechanics 12mo, 1 25 

" Supplement and Key 12mo, 1 25 

METALLURGY. 

Iron— Gold— Silver — Alloys, Etc. 

Allen's Tables for Iron Analysis 8vo, 3 00 

Egleston'c Gold and Mercury Large 8vo, 7 50 

Metallurgy of Silver Large 8vo, 7 50 

* Kerl's Metallurgy— Copper and Iron 8vo, 15 00 

* " " Steel, Fuel, etc 8vo, 15 00 

Kunhardt's Ore Dressing in Europe 8vo, 1 50 

Metcalf's Steel— A Manual for Steel Users 12mo, 2 00 

O'Driscoll's Treatment of Gold Ores 8vo, 2 00 

Thurston's Iron and Steel 8vo, 3 50 

Alloys 8vo, 2 50 

Wilson's Cyanide Processes. ... 12mo, 1 50 

MINERALOGY AND MINING. 

Mine Accidents— Ventilation— Ore Dressing, Etc. 

Barriuger's Minerals of Commercial Value Oblong morocco, 2 50 

Beard's Ventilation of Mines 12mo, 2 50 

Boyd's Resources of South Western Virginia 8vo, 3 00 

11 Map of South Western Virginia Pocket-book form, 2 00 

13 



Brush and Peufield's Determinative Mineralogy. New Ed. 8vo, 

Chester's Catalogue of Minerals . . . . .8vo, 

" " " " Paper, 

" Dictionary of the Names of Minerals.. .8vo, 

Dana's American Localities of Minerals Large 8vo, 

" Descriptive Mineralogy. (E. S.).. . .Large half morocco, 

" Mineralogy and Petrography. (J. D.) 12mo, 

" Minerals and How to Study Them. (E. S.) 12mo, 

" Text-book of Mineralogy. (E. S.).. .New Edition. 8vo, 

* Drinker's Tunnelling, Explosives, Compounds, and Rock Drills. 

4to, half morocco, 

Egleston's Catalogue of Minerals and Synonyms 8vo, 

Eissler's Explosives — Nitroglycerine and Dynamite 8vo, 

Hussak's Rock forming Minerals. (Smith.) Small 8vo, 

Ihlseng's Manual of Mining 8vo, 

Kuuhardt's Ore Dressing in Europe 8vo, 

O'Driscoll's Treatment of Gold Ores 8vo, 

* Penfield's Record of Mineral Tests Paper, 8vo, 

Roseubusch's Microscopical Physiography of Minerals and 

Rocks. (Iddings.) 8vo, 

Sawyer's Accidents in Mines Large 8vo, 

Stockbridge's Rocks and Soils 8vo, 

Walke's Lectures on Explosives 8vo, 

Williams's Lithology 8vo, 

Wilson's Mine Ventilation 12mo, 

" Hydraulic and Placer Mining 12mo, 

STEAM AND ELECTRICAL ENGINES, BOILERS, Etc. 

Stationary— Marine— Locomotive— Gas Engines, Etc. 
(See also Engineering, p. 7.) 

Baldwin's Steam Heating for Buildings 12mo, 2 50 

Clerk's Gas Engine « Small 8vo, 4 00 

Ford's Boiler Making for Boiler Makers 18mo, 1 00 

Hemeu way's Indicator Practice 12mo, 2 00 

Hoadley's Warm-blast Furnace 8vo, 1 50 

Kneass's Practice and Theory of the Injector 8vo, 1 50 

MacCord's Slide Yalve 8vo, 2 00 

Meyer's Modern Locomotive Construction 4to, 10 00 

Pcabody and Miller's Steam-boilers 8vo, 4 00 

Peabody's Tables of Saturated Steam 8vo, 1 00 

" Thermodynamics of the Steam Engine 8vo, 5 00 

" Valve Gears for the Steam Engine 8vo, 2 50 

Pray's Twenty Years with the Indicator Large 8vo, 2 50 

Pupin and Osterberg's Thermodynamics 12mo, 1 25 

14 



1 25 


50 


3 00 


1 00 


12 50 


2 00 


1 50 


4 00 


25 00 


2 50 


4 00 


2 00 


4 00 


1 50 


2 00 


50 


5 00 


7 00 


2 50 


4 00 


3 00 


1 25 


2 50 



6 00 


10 00 


75 


1 50 


2 50 


5 00 


2 50 


5 00 


6 00 


5 00 


2 50 


4 00 



Reagan's Steam and Electric Locomotives 12mo, $2 00 

Routgen's Thermodynamics. (Du Bois.) 8vo, 5 00 

Sinclair's Locomotive Running 12mo, 2 00 

Snow's Steam-boiler Practice 8vo. (In the press.) 

Thurston's Boiler Explosions 12mo, 1 50 

11 Engine and Boiler Trials 8vo,^ TOO 

11 Manual of the Steam Engine . Pyj-t. J., Structure 

and Theory. . . .. 8vo, 6 00 

e< Manual of the Steam Engine. Part II., Design, 

Construction, and Operation 8vo, 

2 parts, 

Thurston's Philosophy of the Steam Engine 12mo, 

" Reflection on the Motive Power of Heat. (Carnot.) 

12mo, 

" Stationary Steam Engines 8vo, 

" Steam-boiler Construction and Operation 8vo, 

Spaugler's Valve Gears 8vo, 

Weisbach's Steam Engine. (Du Bois.) 8vo, 

Whitham's Constructive Steam Engineering 8vo, 

Steam-engine Design 8vo, 

Wilson's Steam Boilers. (Flather.) 12mo, 

Wood's Thermodynamics, Heat Motors, etc. 8vo, 

TABLES, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 

For Actuaries, Chemists, Engineers, Mechanics— Metric 
Tables, Etc. 

Adriance's Laboratory Calculations 12mo, 

Allen's Tables for Iron Analysis , . .8vo, 

Bixby's Graphical Computing Tables Sheet, 

Compton's Logarithms • 12mo, 

Crandall's Railway and Earthwork Tables 8vo, 

Egleston's Weights and Measures 18mo, 

Fisher's Table of Cubic Yards , Cardboard, 

Hudson's Excavation Tables. Vol.11 8vo, 

Johnson's Stadia and Earthwork Tables , 8vo, 

Ludlow's Logarithmic and Other Tables. (Bass.) 12mo, 

Totteu's Metrology 8vo, 

VENTILATION. 

Steam Heating — House Inspection — Mine Ventilation. 

Baldwin's Steam Heating 12mo, 2 50 

Beard's Ventilation of Mines 12mo, 2 50 

Carpenter's Heating and Ventilating of Buildings 8vo, 3 00 

Gerhard's Sanitary House Inspection 12mo, 1 00 

Reid's Ventilation of American Dwellings 12mo, 1 50 

Wilson's Mine Ventilation , ,12mo ; , 1 25 

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MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS. 

Alcott's Gems, Sentiment, Language Gilt edges, $5 00 

Bailey's The New Tale of a Tub 8vo, 75 

Ballard's Solution of the Pyramid Problem 8vo, 1 50 

Barnard's The Metrological System of the Great Pyramid. .8vo, 1 50 

Davis's Elements of Law 8vo, 2 00 

Emmon's Geological Guide-book or tbe Rockv Mountains. .8vo, 1 50 

Ferrex's Treatise on the Winds ." 8vo, 4 00 

Haines's Addresses Delivered before the Am. Ry. Assn. ..12mo. 2 50 

Mott's The Fallacy of the Present Theory of Sound. .Sq. lomo, 1 00 

Perkins's Cornell University Oblong 4to, 1 50 

Ricketts's History of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 8vo, 3 00 

Rotkerkam's The New Testament Critically Emphasized. 

12mo, 1 50 
The Emphasized New Test. A new translation. 

Large 8vo, 2 00 

Totten's An Important Question in Metrology .8vo, 2 50 

Whitehouse's Lake Mceris Paper, 25 

* Wiley's Yosemite, Alaska, and Yellowstone 4to, 3 00 

HEBREW AND CHALDEE TEXT=BOOKS. 

For Schools and Theological Seminaries. 

Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to Old Testament. 

(Tregelles.) Small 4to, half morocco, 5 00 

Green's Elementary Hebrew Grammar 12mo, 1 25 

" Grammar of the Hebrew Language (New Edition). 8 vo, 3 00 

" Hebrew Chrestomathy 8vo, 2 00 

Letteris's Hebrew Bible (Massoretic Notes in English). 

8vo, arabesque, 2 25 

MEDICAL. 

Bull's Maternal Management in Health and Disease 12mo, 1 00 

Hammarsten's Physiological Chemistry. (Mandel.) 8vo, 4 00 

Mott's Composition, Digestibility, and Nutritive Value of Food. 

Large mounted chart, 1 25 

Ruddiman's Incompatibilities in Prescriptions 8vo, 2 00 

Steel's Treatise on the Diseases of the Ox 8vo, 6 00 

" Treatise on the Diseases of the Dog 8vo, 3 50 

Woodhull's Military Hygiene , . . 16mo, 1 50 

Worcester's Small Hospitals — Establishment and Maintenance, 
including Atkinson's Suggestions for Hospital Archi- 
tecture...,*.., ...., ,.,,,.,.,,, ,12mo, 1 25 

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